The Elements

of

New Testament Greek

A Method of Studying the Greek New Testament with Exercises

by

Rev. H. P. V. NUNN, M.A.

St John’s College, Cambridge, sometime Lecturer at

St Aidan’s College, Birkenhead

Cambridge

at the University Press

1923

Preface

This book is intended principally for those who wish to take up the study of Greek after they have left school with a view to reading the Greek New Testament. Generally speaking, it is concerned only with such words and forms as are found in New Testament Greek. The words used in the exercises are those which occur frequently in the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles: they are collected in vocabularies at the end of the book, and it is believed that, if these vocabularies are carefully committed to memory, the student will find himself supplied with such words as are necessary to enable him to read these portions of the New Testament with ease and rapidity.

The author attaches great importance to the accurate knowledge of the meanings of the most common words as an aid to the thorough and rapid acquirement of a language. Fortunately the words used in the Gospels and in the Acts are comparatively few, and this fact together with the simplicity of their style makes these books in many respects very suitable first reading books even for those who do not intend to limit their study of the Greek language to the New Testament.

The most common irregular verbs are gradually introduced into the exercises and are also collected in a table at the end of the book. The sentences in the later exercises are taken almost verbatim from the Greek Testament. The verbs in μι are not introduced until the end of the book and the author therefore recommends that the Greek Testament itself should not be studied until these verbs have been mastered and all the Greek into English exercises in the book have been written out. Those who wish to become proficient in the subject should also write out all the English into Greek exercises.

In no study is the saying of Bacon that writing maketh an exact man so thoroughly exemplified as in the study of languages.

The order in which the forms and constructions treated in the exercises are placed, with the exception of the verbs in μι, is determined by the principle that those are treated first which occur most frequently.

Syntax is only treated so far as to enable examples to be given of the use of the Subjunctive and Infinitive moods and of the Participle. The author ventures to refer those who desire further information on this subject to his Short Syntax of New Testament Greek published by the Cambridge University Press, to which reference is occasionally made in footnotes in this book.

The Introduction to that book on the subject of English Grammar is reprinted here as an Appendix. Although it is printed at the end of the book, the author would urge that it should be studied at the beginning by those to whom its contents are partially unfamiliar.

It is hoped that a student who has been carefully through this book will be able to read the easier portions of the New Testament with the aid of a dictionary. As however the subject-matter of the New Testament is already so familiar to most people in an English translation, such a power does not really imply much knowledge of Greek. Those who wish to gain an intelligent knowledge of the language should study some easy Greek author whose meaning is not already familiar to them. Such may be found in any of the many elementary editions of Xenophon or Lucian which are published1, or even in Plato’s Apology of Socrates studied with or without the help of a translation. The latter book is so interesting and important in its contents and so perfect and yet so simple in its style that it should be studied in the original language by all those who have the opportunity. Translations of Lucian and of Plato’s Apology are published in a convenient form by the Oxford University Press.

If these books are thought to be too difficult the writings of the Apostolic Fathers, especially the Epistle of St Clement and the Shepherd of Hermes, may be recommended. These latter books are however not published in a form adapted for beginners, and the author has therefore attempted to meet this need by publishing selections from them and from other Christian authors of the first two centuries with notes at the end of the “Syntax” referred to above.

In conclusion he wishes to record his obligation to Messrs Bradley and Horswell for their “New Testament Word Lists,” which were of great service in preparing the exercises in this book, and to his father for the care with which he looked over the proofs. The text of the Greek New Testament recommended is that published by the Bible Society.

H. P. V. NUNN.

175 Stockport Road,

Manchester.

November 6, 1913.

Preface to the Second Edition

The second edition of this book is the same as the first, with the exception of the correction of certain mistakes.

The author wishes to record his thanks to Mr H. Scott of Birkenhead for his care in looking over the first edition and for the many suggestions which he made, some of which have been adopted.

H. P. V. NUNN.

175 Stockport Road,

Manchester.

July 20, 1918.

Contents

I The Alphabet

II Breathings, accents, iota subscript

III The Present Indicative Active

IV The Present Indicative of contracted verbs in εω

V Nouns of the Second Declension ending in ος

VI The Genitive and Dative cases, the Definite Article

VII Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension

VIII Feminine Nouns of the First Declension

IX Masculine Nouns of the First Declension, etc.

X Adjectives of the Second Declension, Present Tense of “To be”

XI The Imperfect Indicative Active, Accentuation of verbs

XII Imperfect of the verb “To be,” Demonstrative Pronouns, αὐτός

XIII The Present and Imperfect Indicative Passive

XIV Deponent Verbs, the Present Imperative, the Relative Pronoun

XV The Present Infinitive, Personal and Possessive Pronouns

XVI The Future Indicative Active and Middle, the Middle Voice

XVII Two stems of verbs, the Reflexive Pronoun, questions

XVIII The First Aorist Active

XIX The Second Aorist Active, Object clauses after verbs of saying or thinking

XX The Future and Aorist Active of liquid verbs, Temporal clauses

XXI The Third Declension

XXII Nouns with stems ending in a vowel, Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension

XXIII Adjectives of the Third Declension, Irregular Adjectives

XXIV The First and Second Aorist Passive, the Future Passive

XXV Participles

XXVI The Genitive Absolute, Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns, certain Prepositions

XXVII The First and Second Aorist Middle, the comparison of Adjectives, Adverbs

XXVIII Contracted Verbs ending in αω and αω

XXIX The Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses

XXX The Subjunctive Mood

XXXI Subjunctive of Contracted Verbs and of εἰμί, further uses of the Subjunctive

XXXII Further uses of the Infinitive

XXXIII The Verbs in μι: δίδωμι

XXXIV τίθημι

XXXV ἵστημι

XXXVI Other Verbs in μι

XXXVII The Optative Mood, Periphrastic Tenses

Vocabularies

The Regular Verb

Table of Principal Parts of Verbs

Appendix I. Prepositions

Appendix II. Conditional Sentences

Appendix III. Accentuation

Appendix IV. English Grammar

English-Greek Vocabulary

Greek Index

Lesson 1

The Alphabet

The Greek Alphabet consists of 24 letters, a good many of which are identical with the corresponding letters of the Latin alphabet which we still employ. Both alphabets were derived from the Phoenician alphabet, from which the Hebrew alphabet also took its origin.

The letters given in the second column are now used only as capital letters in printed Greek books, but originally letters like these were used in all Greek writing. They are generally called Uncial letters, and all the earliest manuscripts of the New Testament are called Uncial Manuscripts, because they are written throughout in these letters.

About the 9th century a.d. another style of writing more resembling the letters in the second column came into general use. These were called Cursive or running letters, because they could be written without raising the pen from the paper, like our modern handwriting.

This type of writing has remained in use ever since, both in manuscripts and printed books, with certain modifications.

The student should learn the list of the names of the letters down the column thoroughly in order that he may be able to find the words in his Dictionary as quickly as possible.

He should make sure of the letters both by reading aloud and by writing, as much time will afterwards be saved if he is able to read accurately and quickly, and to grasp the sound of a word as soon as he sees it written. It will be noticed that there are two letters to represent the English letter “e,” and two to represent the letter “o.”

One of these represents the short sound of the letter, and the other the long sound. The mark - written over a letter denotes that it is to be pronounced long, and the mark ̆ that it is to be pronounced short. This distinction in the length of the sound denoted by the letters must be carefully observed in pronunciation.

Name of the letter	Capital letters	Small letters	English equivalent	Pronunciation
Alpha	Α	α	a	When long like a in “father,” when short like a in “path.”
Bēta	Β	β	b	Like English b.
Gămma	Γ	γ	g	Always hard like g in “get.”
Delta	Δ	δ	d	Like English d.
Epsīlon	Ε	ε	ĕ	Like e in “met.”
Zēta	Ζ	ζ	z	Like English z or ds.
Ēta	Η	η	ē	Like ea in “bear.”
Thēta	Θ	θ	th	Like th in “thin.”
Iōta	Ι	ι	i	When long like ee in “queen,” when short like i in “hit.”
Kappa	Κ	κ	k	Like English k.
Lambda	Λ	λ	l	Like English l.
Mu	Μ	μ	m	Like English m.
Nu	Ν	ν	n	Like English n.
Xī	Ξ	ξ	x	Like English x.
Ōmīcron	Ο	ο	ŏ	Like o in “not.”
Pī	Π	π	p	Like English p.
Rhō	Ρ	ρ	r	Like English r.
Sigma	Σ	σ, ς	s	Like English s.
Tau	Τ	τ	t	Like English t.
Upsīlon	Υ	υ	u	Like French u in “du.”
Phī	Φ	φ	ph	Like English ph.
Chī	Χ	χ	ch	Like ch in “chaos,” or in Scotch “loch.”
Psī	Ψ	ψ	ps	Like ps in “lips.”
Ōmĕgă	Ω	ω	ō	Like oa in “oar.”

Notes on the Alphabet

The letter γ is sounded like n before the letters γ, κ, χ, ξ:

ἐγγίζω	ἄγκυρα	σύγχυσις	σάλπιγξ.
engizo	ankura	sunchusis	salpinx.

It is suggested that the Greek υ should be pronounced like u in the French “du” because we have no exactly equivalent sound in English. The y sound in such words as “sympathy” will do fairly well. “Sympathy” is a word transliterated into English from the Greek word συμπαθία. It should be noted that when a Greek word is transliterated into English, υ always becomes y; for examples take the words “hydropathic,” “hypocrite.” The form of the Greek capital letter Υ is like our letter Y, the reason being that our letter Y is derived from the Greek alphabet through Latin.

The universal custom used to be to pronounce Greek by giving the vowels the same sound as they generally have in English. For example

α was pronounced as a in “lathe.”

η was pronounced as ee in “meet.”

υ was pronounced as u in “duty.”

ι was pronounced as i in “bite.”

This method of pronunciation should not be followed.

It will be noticed that two forms are given for the letter σ: the first should be used when the letter occurs at the beginning or in the middle of a word, the second when it occurs at the end.

The pronunciation of Diphthongs

Diphthongs are sounds produced by two vowels being sounded together; they are generally sounded as follows in England:

αι to be pronounced as ai in “aisle.”

ει to be pronounced as ei in “height.”

οι to be pronounced as oi in “oil.”

αυ to be pronounced as ow in “cow.”

ου to be pronounced as oo in “loose.”

ευ to be pronounced as ew in “new.”

υι to be pronounced as wi in “wipe.”

Classification of Consonants, for reference only

Consonants are divided into three groups:

(1) Mutes, or letters which cannot be sounded by themselves. κ, γ, χ, π, β, φ, τ, δ, θ.

(2) Semi-Vowels, or letters which have some sound of their own. λ, μ, ν, ρ, σ.

(3) Double Letters, or letters which are made up of two consonants. ξ, ζ, ψ.

The Mutes are again subdivided according to the part of the vocal organs used in producing them:

(a) Gutturals, or letters produced in the throat (Latin “guttur”). κ, γ, χ.

(b) Labials, or letters produced by the lips (Latin “labia”). π, β, φ.

(c) Dentals, or letters produced by the teeth (Latin “dens”). τ, δ, θ.

The Semi-Vowels are divided into:

(a) Liquids. λ, μ, ν, ρ.

(b) Spirant. σ.

Exercise 1

(1) Write out the English alphabet and give the Greek equivalent for each letter as far as possible.

(2) Write out the Greek alphabet with the English equivalent for each letter.

These exercises should be repeated many times until perfect.

Lesson 2

Breathings, Accents, Iota Subscript

It will be noticed that there is no sign for the letter h in the Greek alphabet. The want of such a sign is made up by the marks called breathings, one of which is written over every vowel or diphthong that begins a word. The rough breathing ̔ (turned like the opening comma in inverted commas) is sounded like our letter h, ὁ is pronounced “ho,” ἁ is pronounced “ha.” The smooth breathing ̓ indicates that the vowel is to be sounded without the rough h sound. If the word begins with a diphthong, the breathing is placed over the second vowel, and not over the first—οὗτος not ὁ͂υτος. ρ at the beginning of a word generally has a rough breathing.

ρρ in the middle of a word is sometimes written ῤῥ.

Accents are marks invented by Aristophanes of Byzantium about 200 b.c. in order to teach foreigners the correct pronunciation of Greek. They were not written in the ancient manuscripts. They denoted musical pitch and not stress, and no use of them is made now as a guide to correct speech. The student who is pressed for time is recommended not to trouble about the accents except in the case of verbs.

They are chiefly of use to distinguish certain words which differ only in accent. A list of these together with a brief account of the principles of accentuation is given in the appendix.

The student however must on no account neglect the breathings, but must write and pronounce them carefully.

A small ι is often written under the letters α, η, ω especially when one of these letters ends a word. It is called the Iota Subscript and is a relic of an ancient diphthong. It is not pronounced, but it must always be written. All the other letters in a Greek word are pronounced.

Exercise 2

Write out the following in Greek letters inserting breathings where necessary. The English letter h at the beginning of a word denotes a rough breathing. The vowels e and o are marked with a stroke over the line when they are long; when not marked they are short. Care must be taken to use the proper Greek letter for them.

The letter i in brackets denotes that ι subscript is to be written under the preceding vowel. Use small letters throughout.

en archē(i) ēn ho logos, kai ho logos ēn pros ton theon, kai theos ēn ho logos, houtos ēn en archē(i) pros ton theon. panta di autou egeneto kai chōris autou egeneto oude hen ho gegonen. en autō(i) zōē ēn, kai hē zōē ēn to phōs tōn anthrōpōn. kai to phōs en tē(i) skotia(i) phainei, kai hē skotia auto ou katelaben. egeneto anthrōpos apestalmenos para theou, onoma autō(i) iōanēs. houtos ēlthen eis marturian, hina marturēsē(i) peri tou phōtos, hina pantes pisteusōsin di autou. ouk ēn ekeinos to phōs, all hina marturēsē(i) peri tou phōtos. ēn to phōs to alēthinon ho phōtizei panta anthrōpon erchomenon eis ton kosmon. en tō(i) kosmō(i) ēn, kai ho kosmos di autou egeneto, kai ho kosmos auton ouk egnō. eis ta idia ēlthen, kai hoi idioi auton ou parelabon. hosoi de elabon auton edōken autois exousian tekna theou genesthai, tois pisteuousin eis to onoma autou, hoi ouk ex haimatōn oude ek thelēmatos sarkos oude ek thelēmatos andros all ek theou egennēthēsan. kai ho logos sarx egeneto kai eskēnōsen en hēmin, kai etheasametha tēn doxan autou, doxan hōs monogenous para patros plērēs charitos kai alētheias.

The student may correct his exercise by comparing it with the first 14 verses of the 1st chapter of St John in the Bible Society’s (Nestle’s) Greek Testament. This exercise should be done several times until perfect.

Write out the Greek of St John 1:19–28 in English characters.

Read as much as possible of the Greek Testament aloud, paying great attention to the breathings and the length of the vowels.

Students who are working alone and who have no one to whom they can read aloud are recommended to put portions of the Greek into English letters, and to put them back into Greek letters after an interval. It is most important to be able to read the characters accurately and quickly before proceeding further.

Lesson 3

The Present Indicative of the Verb in the Active Voice

The Present Indicative Active of the verb λέγω “I say” is as follows:

1st singular	λέγω	(legō)	I say, or I am saying.
2nd singular	λέγεις	(legeis)	Thou sayest, or thou art saying.
3rd singular	λέγει	(legei)	He, she, or it says, or is saying.
1st plural	λέγομεν	(legŏmen)	We say, or we are saying.
2nd plural	λέγετε	(legĕte)	You say, or you are saying.
3rd plural	λέγουσι(ν)	(legousi)	They say, or they are saying.

Note: the ν at the end of the 3rd person is generally written when the next word begins with a vowel.

Each of the Greek words given in the table above may be divided into two parts:

(1) a stem λεγ- which never changes, and which denotes the meaning of the verb, i.e. “say.”

(2) an ending ω, εις, ει, ομεν, etc. which changes with every person.

As nearly every Greek verb has the same endings in the present tense it is easy to conjugate the present tense of any other verb by first taking off the final ω of the 1st person singular to find the stem, and then adding the endings in order to this stem.

The words in the table above, when compared with their English equivalents, furnish a good example of one of the principal differences between Greek and English, namely that one word is sufficient to express an idea in Greek, where two or three words are necessary in English.

This is because the endings of words are changed in the Greek language to denote changes in the meaning of the words, while in English these variable endings have almost entirely disappeared.

For example, in the English present tense the only forms which retain their personal endings are the 2nd and 3rd persons singular “sayest” and “says.” Consequently it is necessary to insert a personal pronoun “I,” “thou,” “he,” etc. before the verb to avoid confusion, and to show the person and number of the subject of the verb. But in Greek the person and number of the subject of the verb are already made sufficiently clear by the variable ending, and so there is no need to add a personal pronoun unless special emphasis is required.

It will be found that this principle applies to all forms of the verbs.

It will be noticed that two English equivalents are given for the one Greek form of the Present tense. This is because there are more tenses in English than in Greek, and one Greek tense has to do the work of two English tenses.

The first form given in English above is called the Present Indefinite, or Present Simple; the second is called the Present Continuous.

The Greek Present corresponds more closely in meaning to the English Present Continuous than to the Present Simple.

In the forms of the Present Continuous tense will be noticed another difference between English and Greek, namely that in English we freely employ Auxiliary or helping verbs to form our tenses (in this case the present tense of the verb “to be” is used) while in Greek a single word is used.

In spoken English we now never use the 2nd person singular in addressing a single person, but always the 2nd person plural.

In Greek the 2nd person singular is always used in addressing a single person, and the 2nd person plural is kept for addressing more than one person. In these exercises when “thou” is written in English the 2nd person singular must be used in Greek, and when “ye,” or “you” is written the 2nd person plural must be used in Greek, unless an indication is given to the contrary.

In translating the Greek Testament it is better to use the 2nd person singular of the English verb when the 2nd person singular is used in Greek.

Exercise 3

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 1, p. 122. The words given in this and the following vocabularies are all words which occur frequently in the New Testament. The student should make a habit of carefully mastering all the words in the vocabularies as he goes along, as this will save much subsequent labour. The words given in brackets after the English meanings of the words are words derived from the Greek words. They are intended to help the learner to remember them. The Greek words are also transliterated in the first few vocabularies.

Translate into English: λέγει, λέγομεν, λέγουσι, λέγετε, λέγεις. εὑρίσκομεν, γράφει, βάλλετε, ἀποθνήσκει, βλέπεις, ἐγείρουσι, κρίνετε, βάλλομεν, ἐσθίω, ἀποστέλλουσι, ἀκούουσι, λαμβάνετε, σώζομεν, μένει.

Give the Greek for: we say, they say, thou sayest, ye say, he says, they are saying, she is saying, you say, they are dying, he dies, I am throwing, she rouses, we judge, thou art remaining, I am throwing, ye judge, he sends, you are writing, thou art eating, he finds, we are taking, they look, she hears.

Lesson 4

The Present Indicative of Contracted Verbs in εω

When a personal ending beginning with a vowel is added to a stem ending in a vowel the vowels unite and form a diphthong or a single long vowel.

This is called “contraction.”

There are many verbs whose stems end in ε, and, when the personal endings are added to such stems, contraction takes place.

ε coming before another ε becomes ει.

ε coming before ο becomes ου.

ε coming before a long vowel, or a diphthong, drops out.

The present tense of the verb φιλέω “I love” is conjugated as follows:

φιλῶ	for φιλέω	I love, or I am loving.
φιλεῖς	for φιλέεις	Thou lovest, or thou art loving.
φιλεῖ	for φιλέει	He, she, or it loves, or is loving.
φιλοῦμεν	for φιλέομεν	We love, or we are loving.
φιλεῖτε	for φιλέετε	You love, or you are loving.
φιλοῦσι	for φιλέουσι	They love, or they are loving.

Exercise 4

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 2.

λαλοῦμεν, αἰτεῖς, τηροῦσι, ποιεῖτε, παρακαλεῖ, μαρτυροῦσι, ζητεῖτε, καλῶ, θεωροῦμεν, τηρεῖς.

They seek, he asks, thou callest, we bear witness, they speak, you keep safe, I exhort, she makes, you behold, we love, they call, she asks, we seek, they bear witness, he beholds.

Lesson 5

Nouns of the Second Declension Ending in ος

Nouns of the Second Declension ending in ος in the Nominative case are declined as follows. They are nearly all Masculine.

	Name of Case	Greek	English
Singular	Nominative	λόγος	a word (subject).
	Vocative	λόγε	O word.
	Accusative	λόγον	a word (object).
	Genitive	λόγου	of a word.
	Dative	λόγῳ1	to or for a word.
Plural	Nominative	λόγοι	words (subject).
	Vocative	λόγοι	O words.
	Accusative	λόγους	words (object).
	Genitive	λόγων	of words.
	Dative	λόγοις	to or for words.

The declension of the noun given above brings before us again the difference between English and Greek mentioned in Lesson 3, namely that it is often necessary to employ two or more words in English where one suffices in Greek. The various modifications of meaning which are expressed in Greek by adding case endings to the noun are expressed in English by placing a preposition before the noun, or by altering the order of the words in the sentence. The only noun endings which remain in English are the ’s and s’ of the Possessive case, and the s or other ending added to make the plural.

For example, if we want to show that a word is the subject of a sentence, we nearly always put it before the verb, while the word which is the object of the sentence is placed after the verb.

If we invert the order of the words, we invert the meaning of the sentence.

In the sentence “An angel finds a man,” the word “angel” is the subject of the sentence, and the word “man” the object.

On the other hand in the sentence “A man finds an angel” “man” is the subject of the sentence, and “angel” the object.

We have inverted the order of the words, and, in so doing, we have also inverted the meaning of the sentence.

In Greek the first sentence should be written:

ἄγγελος εὑρίσκει ἄνθρωπον.

We show that ἄγγελος is the subject by putting it in the Nominative case, and that ἄνθρωπον is the object by putting it in the Accusative case.

In Greek the meaning of the sentence is still the same if we invert the order of the words and write ἄνθρωπον εὑρίσκει ἄγγελος, because in Greek it is not the order of the words, but the case form, which decides which word is the subject or object.

Rules

(1) The subject of a Finite1 verb is in the Nominative case.

(2) The direct object of a Transitive verb is in the Accusative case.

Before translating an English sentence into Greek it is necessary to know which word is the subject of the verb, and which is its direct object, if it has one.

The subject can always be found by putting “who?” or “what?” before the verb.

In the first sentence given above: “An angel finds a man,” we ask “Who finds?” The answer is “an angel.” “An angel” is therefore the subject of the sentence.

In the same way we can easily see that “a man” is the subject of the second sentence.

We can find the direct Object by placing “whom?” or “what?” after the verb. In the case of the first sentence we say “an angel finds whom?” Answer “a man.” Therefore “a man” is the object of the sentence.

Many verbs such as the verb “I remain” cannot have a direct object. Verbs which cannot have a direct object are called Intransitive verbs, because the action which they denote does not pass over to some other person or thing (Latin “transire”).

Verbs which can have a direct object are called Transitive verbs, because the action which they denote passes over to another person or thing.

It is easy to find which English verbs are Transitive and which are Intransitive by making a sentence containing the verb and seeing if a direct object can be put after it, or not.

(3) All verbs agree with their subject in number and person.

All nouns are in the third person unless they are in the Vocative case.

If the subject of the verb is a noun in the singular number (not in the Vocative case), the verb will be in the third person singular; if the subject of the verb is a noun in the plural number, or two or more nouns joined together by “and,” the verb will be in the third person plural, with the exception noted above.

Examples:

ἄνθρωπος ἐσθίει ἄρτον. A man eats bread.

ἄνθρωποι ἐσθίουσιν ἄρτον. Men eat bread.

ἄνθρωπος καὶ δοῦλος ἐσθίουσιν ἄρτον. A man and a slave eat bread.

The English Indefinite Article “a” is not translated into Greek.

Exercise 5

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 3.

1. ἄνθρωπος ἔχει δούλους. 2. ἄγγελος λαὸν σώζει. 3. κύριος λόγους γράφει. 4. ἐγείρεις δοῦλον. 5. ἄνθρωποι ὁδὸν εὑρίσκουσι. 6. δοῦλος βλέπει οἴκους. 7. ἄνθρωπος ἀποστέλλει ἀδελφούς. 8. λαμβάνετε οἶκον. 9. δοῦλος ἔχει κύριον. 10. εὑρίσκομεν ὁδόν. 11. τηρεῖτε νόμους. 12. ἄνθρωπος καὶ δοῦλος εὑρίσκουσιν ἀδελφούς.

1. A man hears an angel. 2. An angel rouses a man. 3. Slaves find a way. 4. A brother has a house. 5. Lords send slaves. 6. They are writing words. 7. You find an angel. 8. A lord judges men. 9. We rouse slaves. 10. Thou keepest laws. 11. A man and an angel see a way. 12. Thou beholdest death.

Lesson 6

Use of the Genitive and Dative Cases. The Definite Article

The Genitive Case can generally be translated into English by the use of the Preposition “Of,” or by the Possessive Case, formed by adding ’s to the noun.

Example: οἶκος ἀνθρώπου means, “a house of a man,” or “a man’s house.”

The commonest use of the Dative Case is to denote the person To or For whom anything is done. It is used to express the indirect object after verbs meaning “to give,” etc.

Examples: He writes laws for a people.

γράφει νόμους λαῷ.

He gives a house to a man.

δίδωσιν οἶκον ἀνθρώπῳ.

In the last sentence οἶκον is called the direct object, and ἀνθρώπῳ the indirect object, because it is not directly affected by the action of the verb.

The Definite Article

The Definite Article which corresponds to the English “the” is declined in Greek like a noun. The forms that go with words in the Masculine gender are as follows:

Singular.	N.	ὁ	Plural.	N.	οἱ
	A.	τόν		A.	τούς
	G.	τοῦ		G.	τῶν
	D.	τῷ		D.	τοῖς

It will be noticed that the endings except the Nominative Singular are the same as the endings of λόγος.

The definite article is always in the same case and number and gender as the noun to which it is joined.

Examples: Of the man, τοῦ ἀνθρώπου. To the men, τοῖς ἀνθρώποις.

“The man’s house” is sometimes written in the following order: ὁ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οἶκος.

Exercise 6

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Revise Vocabularies 1, 2, 3.

1. οἱ δοῦλοι ποιοῦσιν ὁδὸν τῷ κυρίῳ. 2. οἱ ἄνθρωποι ζήτουσιν τοὺς ἀγγέλους. 3. γράφει τὸν νόμον τοῦ Κυρίου1. 4. ὁ ἀδελφὸς τοῦ δούλου βλέπει τὸν οἶκον. 5. γράφομεν τοὺς νόμους τῷ λαῷ. 6. ὁ2 θεὸς φιλεῖ τοὺς ἀδελφούς. 7. ζητεῖτε τὸν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀδελφόν. 8. τηροῦσιν τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ. 9. οἱ δοῦλοι εὑρίσκουσιν τὴν ὁδὸν τοῖς κυρίοις. 10. λαμβάνομεν τὸν νόμον τῷ κόσμῳ. 11. λαλῶ τοὺς λόγους τῷ λαῷ, καὶ ὁ λαὸς πιστεύει.

1. The angel finds the men. 2. They are writing the laws for the people. 3. We are seeking the brothers of the slave. 4. The lord’s slaves are making a way. 5. The slave remains. 6. You behold the house of God2. 7. We keep the law of the Lord. 8. They write words for the slaves. 9. We find a way for the people. 10. The man saves the slave’s brother. 11. The man and the slave are making bread. 12. The brethren believe. 13. The angel writes laws for the world.

Lesson 7

Neuter Nouns of the Second Declension

In English all nouns denoting men or male animals are in the Masculine gender; all nouns denoting women or female animals are in the Feminine gender; all other nouns are Neuter.

But in Greek the rule is not so simple.

Nearly all nouns denoting men or male animals are Masculine, and nearly all those denoting women or female animals are Feminine: but other nouns may be either Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter. The gender is generally to be inferred from the ending.

In the Second Declension nearly all nouns ending in ος in the Nominative singular are Masculine; ὁδός “a way,” ἔρημος “a desert,” παρθένος “a maiden,” which are Feminine, are some of the few exceptions to this rule.

All nouns ending in ον in the Nominative singular are Neuter.

The declension of these neuter nouns is given below.

Note that the Nominative, Vocative and Accusative cases have the same ending. This is the case with all neuter nouns.

Declension of ἔργον “a work.”

Singular.	N.	ἔργον	Plural.	N.	ἔργα
	V.	ἔργον		V.	ἔργα
	A.	ἔργον		A.	ἔργα
	G.	ἔργου		G.	ἔργων
	D.	ἔργῳ		D.	ἔργοις

The Definite Article that goes with neuter nouns is declined as follows:

Singular.	N.	τό	Plural.	N.	τά
	A.	τό		A.	τά
	G.	τοῦ		G.	τῶν
	D.	τῷ		D.	τοῖς

A noun in the neuter plural which stands as the subject of a sentence is nearly always followed by a verb in the singular and is thus an exception to the principle stated in the rule on p. 12.

Example: τὰ παιδία εὑρίσκει τὰ βιβλία.

The children find the books.

Exercise 7

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Learn Vocabulary 4.

1. ὁ δοῦλος βλέπει τὰ δένδρα τῶν ἀνθρώπων. 2. ὁ Κύριος ποιεῖ τὰ ἔργα τῷ κόσμῳ. 3. εὑρίσκομεν τὸ ἱερὸν τοῦ θεοῦ. 4. τὰ πρόβατα θεωρεῖ τὰ δένδρα. 5. ἀκούουσι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον. 6. τηρεῖς τὰ βιβλία. 7. δαιμόνιον ἔχεις. 8. λαμβάνετε τὰ πλοῖα. 9. θεωροῦμεν τὸ πρόσωπον τοῦ Κυρίου. 10. ἀποστέλλουσι τὰ παιδία τοῦ δσύλου. 11. τηροῦμεν τὰ σάββατα τοῦ Κυρίου. 12. σώζετε τὰ τέκνα. 13. τὰ παιδία ἔχει τὰ βιβλία.

1. They take the garments of the men. 2. We send the brother’s children. 3. The angel receives the books for the people. 4. The children have the garments. 5. He beholds the face of God. 6. Thou hast the sheep. 7. You find the trees. 8. The Lord judges the works of men. 9. We seek the temple. 10. God works miracles (does signs) for the people. 11. The man seeks the young child. 12. The children eat the loaves. 13. Thou keepest the money safe.

Lesson 8

Feminine Nouns of the First Declension

Nouns of the First Declension ending in α or η in the Nominative singular are declined as follows. They are all feminine.

ἀρχή a beginning.	ἡμέρα a day.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
N. V.	ἀρχή	ἀρχαί	ἡμέρα	ἡμέραι
A.	ἀρχήν	ἀρχάς	ἡμέραν	ἡμέρας
G.	ἀρχῆς	ἀρχῶν	ἡμέρας	ἡμερῶν
D.	ἀρχῇ	ἀρχαῖς	ἡμέρᾳ	ἡμέραις

Observe the ι subscript in the Dative singular.

The article which goes with these nouns is declined as follows:

Singular.	N.	ἡ	Plural.	N.	αἱ
	A.	τήν		A.	τάς
	G.	τῆς		G.	τῶν
	D.	τῇ		D.	ταῖς

We have now had examples of nouns of all the three genders, and of the forms of the article which go with them.

The full declension of the definite article is as follows:

Singular
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
N.	ὁ	ἡ	τό
A.	τόν	τήν	τό
G.	τοῦ	τῆς	τοῦ
D.	τῷ	τῇ	τῷ
Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
N.	οἱ	αἱ	τά
A.	τούς	τάς	τά
G.	τῶν	τῶν	τῶν
D.	τοῖς	ταῖς	τοῖς

Rule

The definite article agrees with the noun with which it is connected in number, gender, and case.

Exercise 8

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Learn Vocabulary 5.

1. ἡ ἀγάπη μένει. 2. λαμβάνομεν τὴν1 δικαιοσύνην. 3. παρακαλοῦσι τὴν ἐκκλησίαν. 4. ὁ Κύριος κρίνει τὰς Ψυχὰς τῶν1 ἀνθρώπων. 5. βλέπετε τὴν συναγεγὴν τῶν ἀδελφῶν. 6. ζητοῦμεν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ. 7. ἔχεις τὴν1 σοφίαν καὶ τὴν1 χαράν. 8. τηρεῖτε τὰς ἐντολὰς τῶν ἀγγέλων. 9. οἱ ἀδελφοὶ ἀποστέλλουσιν τὰς γραφάς.

1. We receive the promises of God. 2. They have the Lord’s commands. 3. The sins of the world remain. 4. Thou hearest the voice of the Lord. 5. We bear witness to the truth (dat.). 6. You exhort the church. 7. He has righteousness, peace and joy. 8. The brethren are writing the Scriptures. 9. The Lord keeps the souls of men. 10. Ye are seeking wisdom.

Lesson 9

Masculine Nouns of the First Declension. Feminine Nouns Ending in α Preceded by a Consonant

Nouns of the First Declension ending in ης or ας in the Nominative singular are masculine. They are declined as follows:

προφήτης a prophet.	νεανίας a young man.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
N.	προφήτης	προφῆται	νεανίας	νεανίαι
V.	προφῆτα	προφῆται	νεανία	νεανίαι
A.	προφήτην	προφήτας	νεανίαν	νεανίας
G.	προφήτου	προφητῶν	νεανίου	νεανιῶν
D.	προφήτῃ	προφήταις	νεανίᾳ	νεανίαις

Nouns of the First Declension ending in α in the Nominative singular not preceded by a vowel or the letter ρ are declined as follows:

δόξα glory.
Singular.	N. V.	δόξα	Plural.	δόξαι
	A.	δόξαν		δόξας
	G.	δόξης		δοξῶν
	D.	δόξῃ		δόξαις

Note that all nouns of the 1st Declension have the same endings in the plural.

Exercise 9

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Learn Vocabulary 6. The conjunctions δέ, γάρ, οὖν never stand as the first word of a sentence. The prepositions ἐν, σύν, ἀπό, ἐκ, πρό, εἰς are always followed by a noun or pronoun in the proper case, as mentioned in the vocabulary.

1. οὐ καλοῦσι τοὺς προφήτας εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν. 2. ὁ γὰρ Κύριος γράφει τὰς ἐπαγγελίας ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις τῶν ἀδελφῶν. 3. παρακαλοῦσι τοὺς1 προφήτας σὺν τοῖς1 μαθηταῖς. 4. τὰ δὲ πλοῖα οὐ μένει ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ. 5. ἐν ἀρχῇ ὁ θεὸς ἀποστέλλει τοὺς προφήτας. 6. οὑχ εὑρίσκουσι τὰ τέκνα ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ. 7. οἱ μαθηταὶ μένουσιν ἐν τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ τοῦ δεσπότου. 8. ὁ νεανίας λαμβάνει τὸ ἱμάτιον ἀπὸ τῆς κεφαλῆς τοῦ παιδίου. 9. ἡ1 παρθένος εὑρίσκει τὰ βιβλία.

1. We do not see the boats on the lake. 2. The master sends the children with the slaves from the synagogue. 3. Thou remainest before the house of the Lord. 4. The prophets exhort the brethren and the people. 5. Therefore the sin of the world remains. 6. They behold the glory of the Lord in the temple. 7. The Baptist remains in the synagogue with the disciples. 8. They send the prophet from the lake with the Baptist. 9. You send the children out of the house. 10. For the church does not hear the commandments and the promises of the prophet. 11. They call the disciples to the assembly. 12. For God writes the commandments in the hearts of the disciples. 13. The young men hear the parables of the kingdom.

Lesson 10

Adjectives of the Second Declension. The Present Tense of the Verb “To Be”

Adjectives of the Second Declension are declined as follows:

ἀγαθός “good.”
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Sing.	N.	ἀγαθός	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν
	V.	ἀγαθέ	ἀγαθή	ἀγαθόν
	A.	ἀγαθόν	ἀγαθήν	ἀγαθόν
	G.	ἀγαθοῦ	ἀγαθῆς	ἀγαθοῦ
	D.	ἀγαθῷ	ἀγαθῇ	ἀγαθῷ
Plur.	N. V.	ἀγαθοί	ἀγαθαί	ἀγαθά
	A.	ἀγαθούς	ἀγαθάς	ἀγαθά
	G.	ἀγαθῶν	ἀγαθῶν	ἀγαθῶν
	D.	ἀγαθοῖς	ἀγαθαῖς	ἀγαθοῖς

Note that the Masculine endings are the same as those of 2nd Declension nouns in ος. The Feminine endings are the same as those of let Declension nouns in η. The Neuter endings are the same as those of 2nd Declension nouns in ον.

If a vowel or the letter ρ comes immediately before the endings of an adjective, the endings in the Feminine are the same as those of ἡμέρα.

Example:

ἅγιος “holy.”
N.	ἅγιος	ἁγία	ἅγιον
V.	ἅγιε	ἁγία	ἅγιον
A.	ἅγιον	ἁγίαν	ἅγιον
G.	ἁγίου	ἁγίας	ἁγίου
D.	ἁγίῳ	ἁγίᾳ	ἁγίῳ

Rule

Adjectives agree with the noun which they qualify in number, gender, and case.

Note. An adjective preceded by an article is practically equivalent to a noun. ὁ πρῶτος “the first” (man); τὰ ἔσχατα “the last things”; αἱ ἀγαθαί “the good” (women); οἱ ἅγιοι “the holy” (men) or “the saints.”

The Present Indicative of the verb “to be” is as follows.

		Singular	Plural
1st	εἰμί	I am	ἐσμέν	we are
2nd	εἶ	thou art	ἐστέ	you are
3rd	ἐστί(ν)	he, she, or it is	εἰσί(ν)	they are

The verb “to be” belongs to a class of verbs called “Copulative Verbs” because they serve to couple or link together two nouns or a noun and an adjective. Such verbs cannot make a statement by themselves, but must be followed by a noun or an adjective to make a complete predicate. This noun or adjective is called a predicative noun or adjective, or the complement. These predicative nouns or adjectives are not put in the Accusative case like the object of a transitive verb, because they are not objects. They must always be in the same case as the subject of the verb, and, in the case of predicative adjectives, they must agree with the subject in number and gender as well as case.

This rule is sometimes stated in this form

Rule

The verb “to be” takes the same case after it as before it.

Examples:

Subject	Verb	Predicative noun or adjective
The man	is	a prophet
ὁ ἄνθρωπός	ἐστι	προφήτης
God	is	good
ὁ θεός	ἐστιν	ἀγαθός
We	are	slaves
	σοῦλοί ἐσμεν
You	are	just
	δίκαιοί ἐστε
The tongue	is	evil
γλῶσσά	ἐστι	κακή

Note. The various parts of the verb “to be” given above should not be placed as the first words in a sentence.

Exercise 10

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Learn Vocabulary 7.

1. ἡ ἐκκλησία πιστή ἐστιν. 2. οἱ ἄνθρωποι προφῆταί εἰσιν. 3. ἡ βασιλεία ἐστὶ κακή. 4. ἡ ἐντολὴ τοῦ αἰωνίου θεοῦ δικαία ἐστίν. 5. λαμβάνουσι τὰ ἴδια ἱμάτια. 6. ἕτεροι ἄνθρωποι μένουσιν ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ πλοίῳ. 7. τέκνα ἀγαπητά ἐσμεν τοῦ θεοῦ. 8. ὁ πρῶτός ἐστιν ἔσχατος, καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος πρῶτος. 9. οἱ ἅγιοι τηροῦσιν τὰ ἅγια σάββατα τοῦ θεοῦ. 10. ἡ γλῶσσα πονηρά ἐστιν. 11. αἱ πισταὶ μένουσιν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ. 12. μαθηταί ἐστε τοῦ Κυρίου. 13. ἅγιος εἶ, Κύριε. 14. καλοῦμεν τοὺς ἑτέρους νεανίας.

1. The brethren are disciples. 2. We are prophets. 3. Thou art good, O master. 4. The writings of the Apostles are holy. 5. A different man is in the last boat. 6. We remain in the evil world. 7. He makes his own garments. 8. The man is just and good. 9. Therefore the Baptist exhorts the evil men. 10. The saints remain before the house of God. 11. God keeps the souls of the saints. 12. Ye exhort the disciples.

Lesson 11

The Imperfect Indicative Active. Accentuation of Verbs

All past tenses of the Indicative mood are preceded by the letter ε which is called the Augment. If the verb begins with a consonant the Augment is simply placed before the verb: Present, λέγω; Imperfect ἔλεγον. If the verb begins with a vowel the Augment combines with it.

ε before α becomes η,

ε before ε becomes η (except in the verb ἔχω),

ι, ο, υ are lengthened into ῑ, ω, ῡ.

A diphthong lengthens its first vowel:

αι becomes ῃ, ει becomes ῃ,

οι becomes ῳ, and ευ becomes ηυ.

Examples:

	Present	Imperfect
	ἀκούω	ἤκουον
	ἐγείρω	ἤγειρον
	ὁμολογέω	ὡμολόγουι
	αἰτέω	ᾔτουν
	οἰκέω	ᾤκουν
	εὑρίσκω	ηὕρισκον
but	ἔχω	εἶχον

As these changes take place at the beginning of the words they must be carefully noticed, or it will not be possible to find the words in a dictionary where verbs are generally given under the Present tense.

When a verb is compounded with a preposition

The Accentuation of Verbs

The accentuation of verbs is so simple, and, in many respects, so important that the student is recommended to make himself familiar with its principles, and to accent the verbs which he writes.

If the last syllable of a verb is long (i.e. if it contains a long vowel or a diphthong, with the exception of αι or οι1) the accent falls on the last syllable but one, with certain exceptions to be mentioned later.

If the last syllable of a verb is short (i.e. if it contains a short vowel) the accent falls on the last syllable but two.

N.B. For purposes of accentuation αι and οι are considered as short vowels1.

The accent resembles the acute accent ́ used in French.

All syllables other than those having the written accent are supposed to have an accent sloping the other way called the grave accent. This is never written, and it is only of importance in connection with the accentuation of contracted verbs.

It will be noticed that contracted verbs have sometimes an acute accent, and sometimes a circumflex accent ̂.

The principle on which the accentuation of these verbs is determined is as follows: if when the uncontracted form of the verb is written with all its accents an acute and a grave come together on the two syllables that are contracted in such a way that the grave follows the acute ́ ́ the two combine and form a circumflex.

But, if the grave comes before the acute on the syllables which contract ́ ́, the acute remains alone. Examples: φὶλέὸμὲν=φιλοῦμεν, φὶλέεὶ=φιλεῖ. But ἒφίλὲὲ=ἐφίλει, φὶλὲέτὼ=φιλείτω.

Exercise 11

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Learn Vocabulary 8.

1. ἀπεκτείνετε τοὺς προφήτας τοῦ Κυρίου. 2. ὁ θεὸς ἔπεμπε τοὺς ἀγγέλους εἰς τὸν κόσμον. 3. ἦγε1 τοὺς μαθητὰς ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης. 4. οἱ νεανίαι ἔχαιρον. 5. τὰ πρόβατα ὑπῆγον2 ἐκ τῆς ἐρήμου. 6. ὁ βαπτιστὴς βαπτίζει τὰς παρθένους. 7. ὁ ἄγγελος ἀπέλυε τὸν ἀπόστολον. 8. οἱ μαθηταὶ ἐδόξαζον τὸν Κύριον. 9. οἱ ἀγαθοὶ δοῦλοι ἔφερον τὰ πρόβατα. 10. Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστὴς ἔκραζε ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ. 11. ἐδίδασκες τὰ παιδία σὺν τοῖς δούλοις. 12. ἐκηρύσσομεν τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῷ λαῷ. 13. ἔπειθον οὖν τοὺς ἀνθρώπους. 14. περιεπατοῦμεν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ. 15. ἐξέβαλλες τὰ δαιμόνια.

1. They were proclaiming the Gospel to the disciples. 2. The maidens were departing from the house. 3. They were dragging (ἄγω) the slave’s boat to the sea. 4. The prophets used to teach the children in the houses. 5. Ye glorified the Lord, O angels. 6. Thou wast teaching the people. 7. They were driving the sheep together to the trees. 8. The child was reading the scriptures in the temple. 9. We were departing from the lake. 10. John the Baptist did not work signs. 11. The Lord walked about in the wilderness. 12. Therefore you persuaded the people. 13. The saints were rejoicing. 14. He was casting out devils. 15. We were carrying the boat. 16. You were loosing the slaves.

Lesson 12

The Imperfect of the Verb “To Be.” Demonstrative Pronouns. αὐτός

The Imperfect tense of the verb “to be” is as follows:

	Singular			Plural
1.	ἤμην (ἦν, ἦ	I was	1.	ἦμεν (ἤμεθα)	we were
2.	ἦς, ἦσθα	thou wast	2.	ἦτε	you were
3.	ἦν	he was	3.	ἦσαν	they were

The Demonstrative Pronouns οὗτος “this” and ἐκεῖνος “that” are declined as follows:

		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Sing.	N.V.	οὗτος	αὕτη	τοῦτο
	A.	τοῦτον	ταύτην	τοῦτο
	G.	τούτου	ταύτης	τούτου
	D.	τούτῳ	ταύτῃ	τούτῳ
Plur.	N. V.	οὗτοι	αὗται	ταῦτα
	A.	τούτους	ταύτας	ταῦτα
	G.	τούτων	τούτων	τούτων
	D.	τούτοις	ταύταις	τούτοις
————————————————————
Sing.	N. V.	ἐκεῖνος	ἐκείνη	ἐκεῖνο
	A.	ἐκεῖνον	ἐκείνην	ἐκεῖνο
	G.	ἐκείνου	ἐκείνης	ἐκείνου
	D.	ἐκείνῳ	ἐκείνῃ	ἐκείνῳ
Plur.	N. V.	ἐκεῖνοι	ἐκεῖναι	ἐκεῖνα
	A.	ἐκείνους	ἐκείνας	ἐκεῖνα
	G.	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων	ἐκείνων
	D.	ἐκείνοις	ἐκείναις	ἐκείνοις

It will be noticed that when there is an ο or ω in the endings of οὗτος the vowel of the first syllable is ου, when there is an η or α it is αυ.

οὗτος and ἐκεῖνος agree with the nouns which they qualify in number, gender, and case just like adjectives. When they qualify a noun the noun always has the article.

Examples:

This man, οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος, or ὁ ἄνθρωπος οὗτος.

Those sheep, ἐκεῖνα τὰ πρόβατα, or τὰ πρόβατα ἐκεῖνα.

That commandment, ἐκείνη ἡ ἐντολή, or ἡ ἐντολὴ ἐκείνη.

When οὗτος stands by itself without any word expressed for it to agree with it means “this man,” αὕτη means “this woman,” τοῦτο means “this thing,” ταῦτα means “these things.”

The same is the case with ἐκεῖνος.

αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό is declined like ἐκεῖνος. In the New Testament it is the ordinary word for “he, she, it” etc.

Examples:

For he saves the people.

αὐτὸς γὰρ σώζει τὸν λαόν.

They were leading him to the sea.

ἦγον αὐτὸν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.

He was sending her from the temple.

ἔπεμπεν αὐτὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ.

This is his slave.

οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ δοῦλος αὐτοῦ1.

These are her houses.

οὗτοί εἰσιν οἱ οἶκοι αὐτῆς1.

αὐτός also means “himself, herself, itself” when connected with a noun.

Example: Jesus himself taught them.

Ἰησοῦς αὐτὸς ἐδίδασκεν αὐτούς.

(In Classical Greek the nominative case of αὐτός has this latter meaning only, and cannot be used in the sense of “he, she, it.”)

Exercise 12

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Revise Vocabularies 1–8.

1. οὗτοι οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἀπέθνησκον ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ. 2. ἐθεωροῦμεν τοὺς οἴκους αὐτῶν. 3. οὗτος οὖν ἦν μαθητὴς Ἰωάνου τοῦ βαπτιστοῦ. 4. ἦμεν γὰρ δοῦλοι τῆς ἁμαρτίας. 5. ἐκεῖνα δὲ τὰ δένδρα ἔβαλλον εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν. 6. αὗται ἔμενον ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ. 7. ὁ γὰρ θεὸς σώζει αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ (the evil one). 8. ἦτε οὖν δεσπόται τοῦ λαοῦ. 9. οὐ γὰρ κρίνομεν ταῦτα. 10. οἱ υἱοὶ αὐτοῦ ἦσαν κακοί. 11. αὕτη γὰρ ἦν ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ. 12. ἐκηρύσσομεν ταῦτα ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ. 13. ἐκεῖνοι δὲ ἐξέβαλλον τὰ δαιμόνια. 14. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐδόξαζον τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ Κυρίου. 15. αἱ παρθένοι συνῆγον τὰ πρόβατα αὐτῶν εἰς τὰ δένδρα. 16. ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ ἐχαίρομεν. 17. ὁ Ἰησοῦς αὐτὸς οὐκ ἔβάπτιζεν ἀλλὰ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ. 18. ἡ ζωὴ μένει ἐν αὐτοῖς.

1. In the beginning was the word. 2. This is the love of God. 3. For the Lord saves the souls of men from the evil one. 4. Peace and truth are in the kingdom of God. 5. They were glorifying his power and wisdom. 6. For in that day we were preaching the gospel of the kingdom in the synagogue, and casting out devils. 7. You saw her sons in the house. 8. We received them into the boat. 9. Ye were in the temple in those days. 10. This is life eternal. 11. We heard the voice of the angel from the trees. 12. They were holy and beloved. 13. Their children were in the assembly. 14. Thou wast reading the scriptures to them in the synagogue. 15. The Jews used to slay his prophets. 16. The Baptist himself used to baptise his disciples.

Lesson 13

The Passive Voice of the Present and Imperfect Indicative

A verb is said to be in the Active Voice when its subject is spoken of as acting: it is said to be in the Passive Voice when its subject is spoken of as suffering, or being acted upon.

Examples: Active “I love,” “I was striking.”

Passive “I am loved,” “I was being struck.”

N.B. Only Transitive verbs can have a Passive voice. There are certain verbs such as “I fall,” “I slip,” etc. which do not speak of the subject as acting, but which are regarded as Active verbs because they are Intransitive.

The Passive voice is formed in Greek, as in Latin, by the use of special endings, and not by the use of the Auxiliary verb “to be” as in English.

The Passive voice of the Present and Imperfect Indicative of λύω is given below. Note that the Imperfect Passive has the Augment.

Present Indicative Passive
Sing.	1.	λύομαι	I am loosed, or I am being loosed.
	2.	λύει, or λύῃ	Thou art loosed, or thou art being loosed.
	3.	λύεται	He is loosed, or he is being loosed.
Plur.	1.	λυόμεθα	We are loosed, or we are being loosed.
	2.	λύεσθε	You are loosed, or you are being loosed.
	3.	λύονται	They are loosed, or they are being loosed.

Imperfect Indicative Passive
Sing.	1.	ἐλυόμην	I was being loosed.
	2.	ἐλύου	Thou wast being loosed.
	3.	ἐλύετο	He was being loosed.
Plur.	1.	ἐλυόμεθα	We were being loosed.
	2.	ἐλύεσθε	You were being loosed.
	3.	ἐλύοντο	They were being loosed.

Note. As in the case of the active voice a simple Past tense “I was loosed” etc. will often sufficiently translate the Imperfect.

The Present and Imperfect Indicative Passive of verbs in εω are conjugated as follows:

Present Indicative Passive
φιλοῦμαι	for φιλέομαι	I am loved, or I am being loved.
φιλεῖ, φιλῇ	for φιλέει, φιλέῃ	etc.
φιλεῖται	for φιλέεται
φιλούμεθα	for φιλεόμεθα
φιλεῖσθε	for φιλέεσθε
φιλοῦνται	for φιλέονται

Imperfect Indicative Passive
ἐφιλούμην	for ἐφιλεόμην	I was being loved.
ἐφιλοῦ	for ἐφιλέου	etc.
ἐφιλεῖτο	for ἐφιλέετο
ἐφιλούμεθα	for ἐφιλεόμεθα
ἐφιλεῖσθε	for ἐφιλέεσθε
ἐφιλοῦντο	for ἐφιλέοντο

Consider the sentences:

“The angel looses the apostle.”

ὁ ἄγγελος λύει τὸν ἀπόστολον.

“The apostle is loosed by the angel.”

ὁ ἀπόστολος λύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου.

Both these sentences express the same idea, but they express it in different ways. It will be noticed that when a sentence with a verb in the active voice is turned into a sentence with a verb in the passive voice, as has been done in the sentences given above, the object of the first sentence “the apostle” becomes the subject of the second, while the subject of the first sentence “the angel” is introduced in English by the preposition “by.”

Consider the sentence:

“The world is kept by the wisdom of God.”

ὁ κόσμος τηρεῖται τῇ σοφίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ.

It will be seen that the form of this sentence is the same in English as that of the second sentence given above.

In Greek however the sentences are not the same in form, but the preposition ὑπό followed by a Genitive is used in the one sentence, and a simple Dative in the other.

This is because the doer of the action in the first sentence is a living person, i.e. “the angel”; but the thing that does the action in the second sentence is not a living person, but “wisdom.”

In sentences similar to the first of these two sentences the doer of the action is spoken of as the Agent, because it is a living thing.

In sentences similar to the second sentence the doer of the action is spoken of as the Instrument, because it is not a living thing.

This distinction must be carefully observed.

The same distinction exists in Latin where the Agent is expressed by “a” with the Ablative, and the Instrument by the Ablative alone.

Rule

In Greek the Agent of the action of a Passive verb is expressed by ὑπό with the Genitive: the Instrument is expressed by the Dative alone1.

Active verbs may also be followed by a word denoting the instrument.

Example: He kills the apostle with a sword.

ἀποκτείνει τὸν ἀπόστολον μαχαίρᾳ.

The same verb may have both an Agent and an Instrument.

Example: The apostle is loosed by the angel by a word.

ὁ ἀπόστολος λύεται ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγγέλου λόγῳ.

The Prepositions διά and μετά may be followed by a noun or pronoun either in the Accusative or Genitive case.

The student should here refer to the Appendix on prepositions on p. 154. The preposition πρός is generally followed by an Accusative case, and the preposition ὑπό by a Genitive case. For the meanings of these prepositions see the vocabulary.

Exercise 13

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 9.

1. ἐπέμπεσθε ὑπὸ τῶν διδασκάλων πρὸς ἕτερον ὄχλον. 2. ἐν τούτῳ τῷ τόπῳ ἐθεωροῦμεν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς τὸν Κύριον τῶν οὐρανῶν. 3. οὗτοι οἱ λόγοι ἐλαλοῦντο ὑπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων πρὸς τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους. 4. εὐθὺς δὲ τὰ πρόβατα συνήγετο λίθοις ὑπὸ τῶν λῃστῶν. 5. ἀπεστελλόμεθα μετὰ τῶν προφητῶν διὰ τοῦ ὄχλου. 6. διὰ τοῦτο ἐπείθου τοῖς λόγοις τῶν κριτῶν. 7. μετὰ ταῦτα οἱ τελῶναι ἐδιδάσκοντο μετὰ τῶν νεανιῶν ὑπὸ τῶν πσεσβυτέρων. 8. οἱ υἱοὶ τοῦ οἰκοδεσπότου ἤσθιον τοὺς ἄρτους. 9. ὦ ὑποκριτά, οὐ περιπάτεις ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς τοῦ Κυρίου. 10. ὁ θρόνος ἐποιεῖτο ὑπὸ τῶν ἐργάτων τῇ οἰκίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἐν Ἰερουσαλήμ. 11. οἱ ἐργάται ἀπέστελλον τοὺς καρποὺς τῆς γῆς πρὸς τοὺς οἰκοδεσπότας. 12. ὦ Ἰερουσαλήμ, οὐχ εὑρίσκει πιστή. 13. παρεκαλούμεθα τοῖς λόγοις τῶν μαθητῶν ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ. 14. ἤγομεν τὰ τέκνα διὰ τοῦ ἱεροῦ. 15. μετ᾽ ἐκείνας τὰς ἡμέρας οἱ λῃσταὶ ὑπῆγον πρὸς τὴν ἔρημον.

1. The word of God was being preached by the apostles. 2. These fruits were sent by the householder to the elders. 3. On this account the judges were being persuaded by the faithful teachers. 4. Thou wast leading the people through the wilderness to Jerusalem. 5. After this they were being sought for by the crowd. 6. They were wicked in the eyes of the Lord. 7. The throne was being carried by the workmen to another place through the house. 8. Immediately the elders were walking with the prophets through Jerusalem. 9. The world was made through the Son of God. 10. O thou hypocrite, thou dost not keep the commandments of the Lord. 11. The young men were being taught by their own teachers. 12. Thou art not sent by the sons of the prophets. 13. Therefore immediately after these things we used to preach the word of God to the disciples. 14. Ye were being roused by the words of the householder.

Lesson 14

Deponent verbs. The Present Imperative. The Relative Pronoun

Deponent verbs are verbs which have the form of the Passive voice in Greek, but which are translated by a verb in the Active voice in English. They are called “Deponent” because the old grammarians considered that they had “laid aside” (Latin “deponere”) a Passive sense, and assumed an Active.

Examples:	ἀποκρίνομαι	I answer.
	ἄρχομαι	I begin.
	ἔρχομαι	I go, or come.
	δέχομαι	I receive.

The Imperative Mood. Moods are forms which verbs assume to show the way in which the action or state denoted by the verb is to be regarded, i.e. if it is to be regarded as a statement of fact, a command, a wish, or a thought.

All the forms of verbs, which have been given so far, have been in the Indicative mood, that is the mood which is generally used in making statements, or asking questions.

The Imperative mood, the forms of which are given below, is used to express commands, exhortations and entreaties.

The forms given in this section are those of the Present tense of the Imperative mood.

Present Imperative Active	Present Imperative Passive
Sing.	2.	λῦε	loose (thou).	2.	λύου	be loosed (thou).
Plur.	3.	λυέτω	let him loose.	3.	λυέσθω	let him be loosed.
Present Imperative Active	Present Imperative Passive
Plur.	2.	λύετε	loose (ye).	2.	λύεσθε	be loosed (ye).
	3.	λυέτωσαν	let them loose.	3.	λυέσθωσαν	let them be loosed.
	or	λυόντων		or	λυέσθων

The Present Imperative of verbs in εω is as follows:

Present Imperative Active
	φίλει	for	φίλεε	love (thou)
	φιλείτω	for	φιλεέτω	etc.
	φιλεῖτε	for	φιλέετε
	φιλείτωσαν	for	φιλεέτωσαν
or	φιλούντων	or	φιλεόντων
Present Imperative Passive
	φιλοῦ	for	φιλέου	be loved (thou)
	φιλείσθω	for	φιλεέσθω	etc.
	φιλεῖσθε	for	φιλέεσθε
	φιλείσθωσαν	for	φιλεέσθωσαν
or	φιλείσθων	or	φιλεέσθων

The meaning of the Present Imperative. The Present tense in Greek in moods other than the Indicative denotes Continuous action, action In Progress, or Repeated action rather than action in present time.

Just as the Imperfect tense denotes a continued or repeated action in past time so the Present Imperative denotes a command or entreaty to continue to do an action, or to do it repeatedly.

It is not always possible to bring this out in translating a Present Imperative into English, as we have no convenient form of expression which is equivalent to it. An attempt to express in full the force of the Greek Present Imperative is made in the translation of the examples given below. This subject will be treated more fully when we come to deal with the Aorist Imperative.

A verb in the Imperative mood is negatived by μή, and not by οὐ.

Examples of the use of the Present Imperative:

Keep on throwing the stones.

βάλλετε τοὺς λίθους.

Do not keep on answering the master.

μὴ ἀποκρίνεσθε τῷ διδασκάλῳ.

Let them keep on sending bread for the prophet.

πεμπόντων ἄρτον τῷ προφήτῃ.

Let him continue to keep the commandments.

τηρείτω τὰς ἐντολάς.

Do not walk in the ways of wickedness any longer.

μὴ πορεύου ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς τῆς ἀδικίας.

The Relative Pronoun

The Relative Pronoun is declined as follows:

Singular
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc. Fem.	Neut.
N.	ὅς	ἥ	ὅ	who, or that	which
A.	ὅν	ἥν	ὅ	whom, or	that which
G.	οὗ	ἧς	οὗ	whose, or of whom	of which
D.	ᾧ	ᾗ	ᾧ	to whom	to which
Plural
N.	οἵ	αἵ	ἅ	who, or that	which
A.	οὕς	ἅς	ἅ	whom, or that	which
G.	ὧν	ὧν	ὧν	whose, or of whom	of which
D.	οἷς	αἷς	οἷς	to whom	to which

Notice that the Relative Pronoun is the same in form as the endings of the 2nd and 1st declensions with rough breathings added.

The accentuation should be noticed and learnt and compared with that of the Article.

Note the difference between ὅ the Nom. and Acc. Sing. Neut. of the Relative and ὁ the Nom. Sing. Masc. of the Article.

Compare also ἥ and ἡ

οἵ and οἱ

αἵ and αἱ

The Relative Pronoun always refers back to some noun or pronoun, expressed or implied, in another clause which is called its Antecedent.

In Greek Relative Pronouns agree with their antecedent in number and gender, but Not in case.

The case of a Relative Pronoun depends on the function which it performs in the clause in which it stands, which is sometimes called a Relative Clause.

Examples: 1. I see the men who are coming.
βλέπω τοὺς ἀνθρώπους οἳ ἔρχονται.

2. The men that you are sending are going away.
οἱ ἄνθρωποι οὓς στέλλετε ἀπέρχονται.

3. This is the writing that is kept in the synagogue.
αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ γραφὴ ἣ τηρεῖται ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ.

4. This is the writing which the apostle used to have.
αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ γραφὴ ἣν εἶχεν ὁ ἀπόστολος.

5. The children whom I was teaching are going away.
τὰ παιδία ἃ ἐδίδασκον ἀπέρχεται.

6. The prophet whose books thou art reading is holy.
ὁ προφήτης οὗ ἀναγινώσκεις γὰ βιβλία ἅγιός ἐστιν.

7. The men for whom I am doing this are slaves.
οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἷς ποιῶ ταῦτα δοῦλοί εἰσιν.

In example 1 ἀνθρώπους is in the Accusative case because it is the object of the clause in which it stands, οἵ is in the Nominative case because it is the subject of the clause in which it stands.

The student should carefully consider the reason for the cases of the Relative Pronouns in the other examples in the same way.

Sections 8 and 10 in the Appendix on English grammar should be read in connexion with this lesson.

The Relative clauses in the examples given above are all Adjectival clauses, because they qualify and explain their antecedents just like adjectives.

Exercise 14

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 10.

1. ἐπορευόμεθα πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν. 2. ἠρνοῦντο τὸν Κύριον τῆς δόξης ὃς τηρεῖ αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. 3. ἐδέχεσθε τοὺς ἀγροὺς οὓς εἶ̓͂χεν ὁ λαὸς Ἰσραήλ. 4. μὴ ἀποκρίνου τῷ δεσπότῃ. 5. ἀπήρχοντο πρὸς τὴν ἔρημον ἐν ᾗ ὁ Ἰωάνης ἐβάπτιζε. 6. ἀπεκρινόμην τοῖς ἀγγέλοις οἳ ἤρχοντο ἀπὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων. 7. μὴ ἐργάζεσθε τὴν ἀδικίαν. 8. οὗτος δέχεται τοὺς ἁμαρτωλοὺς οἳ ἔρχονται πρὸς αὐτὸν καὶ ἐσθίει μετ᾽ αὐτῶν. 9. ἅπτου τῶν κεφαλῶν τῶν παιδίων ἃ πέμπω. 10. οἱ δοῦλοι οὓς ἐδέχετο ἐργάζονται ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς. 11. ἀποστελλόντων τὰ ἱμάτια ἃ λαμβάνουσιν εἰς τὸν οἶκον. 12. δεχέσθω τὸ βιβλί́ον ὃ γράφει ὁ ἀπόστολος. 13. διηρχόμεθα οὖν τοὺς ἀγροὺς αὐτῶν μετὰ τῶν τελωνῶν. 14. κακοὶ καὶ πονηροὶ δοῦλοι ἦτε. 15. ἁπτέσθωσαν τῶν λίθων τοῦ ἱεροῦ ὃ ᾠκοδομεῖτο τῷ Κυρίῳ.

1. Let the love of the brethren remain in their hearts. 2. Keep the holy commandments which you receive from the teachers. 3. Do not deny the Lord of glory who saved you1 from the evil world. 4. Let the elders whom they send receive the law for the people. 5. We were going through the fields in which the slaves were working. 6. After these things they were building a temple to the God of Israel. 7. Do not walk (pl.) in the way of sinners. 8. Let him receive the messengers who proclaim the kingdom of heaven. 9. The disciples whom John was baptising remained in the wilderness. 10. Let them work the works of him that sent them2. 11. For the prophet receives the sinners who are sent to him and eats with them. 12. Do not answer the teacher. 13. After those days they were going away into the place in which the young men were remaining with the sheep. 14. This is the elder whose children were reading the books of the law which the prophet wrote.

Lesson 15

The Present Infinitive. Personal and Possessive Pronouns

The Present Infinitives are as follows:

Present Infinitive Active	Present Infinitive Passive
λύειν	to loose	λύεσθαι	to be loosed
φιλεῖν	to love	φιλεῖσθαι	to be loved
	εἶναι	to be

The so-called Infinitive Mood is really, both in Greek and English, the Dative case of a verbal noun. In many of its uses however its Dative sense is quite forgotten, and it is treated exactly as if it were an indeclinable verbal noun. It is always neuter. The Infinitive partakes of the nature both of a verb and a noun. As a verb it has a subject expressed or understood, and it may have an object; it is qualified by adverbs, and has tense and voice. As a noun it may stand as the subject or object of another verb.

Infinitive used as a Subject. The Infinitive is especially common as the subject of an Impersonal verb or of ἐστί. As it is a verbal noun and therefore partakes of the nature of a verb, it may have a subject of its own. If this subject is expressed it is put in the Accusative case.

Examples: To err is human.

παραβαίνειν ἀνθρώπινόν ἐστι.

It is lawful to heal on the Sabbath.

ἔξεστι θεραπεύειν ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ.

It was necessary for him to pass through Samaria.

ἔδει αὐτὸν διέρχεσθαι διὰ τῆς Σαμαρίας.

It is good for us to be here.

καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς εἶναι ὧδε.

Notice that in the English of the last three examples the word “it” is placed first as a sort of preparatory subject, the real subjects of the three sentences are however the Noun Clauses “to heal on the Sabbath,” etc., as will be seen if the sentences are written in the following form:

To heal on the Sabbath is lawful.

To pass through Samaria was necessary for him.

To be here is good for us.

In the last two examples the subjects of the Infinitives αὐτόν and ἡμᾶς are expressed in Greek in the Accusative case.

Note that in English these words are in the Dative.

The verb ἔχεστι is however followed by a noun or pronoun in the Dative case to express the person to whom the action is lawful.

Example: It is lawful for us to heal on the Sabbath.

ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν θεραπεύειν ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ.

Infinitive used as Object. Any verb whose action naturally implies another action or state as its object may take an Infinitive as its object. Such verbs are generally the same in Greek as in English. They are sometimes called “Modal Verbs.”

Examples: They wish to remain.

βούλονται καταμένειν.

We are willing to hear.

θέλομεν ἀκούειν.

I am able to do this.

δύναμαι τοῦτο ποιεῖν.

They begin to build.

ἄρχοντο οἰκοδομεῖν.

After verbs meaning “to entreat,” “to exhort,” “to command,” a verb in the Infinitive mood is used as the direct object, while a noun or pronoun in an Accusative, Genitive, or Dative case is used with it as the secondary object of the main verb.

Examples:

He commands them to bring Paul.

κελύει αὐτοὺς ἄγειν τὸν Παῦλον.

I beseech thee to heal my son.

δέομαί σου θεραπεύειν τὸν υἱόν μου.

He used to charge them not to depart from Jerusalem

παρήγγελλεν αὐτοῖς μὴ ὑπάγειν ἀπὸ Ἱεροσολύμων.

If the subject of the Infinitive is expressed it is in the Accusative case1.

He commands Paul to be brought.

κελεύει τὸν Παῦλον ἄγεσθαι.

All clauses which stand as the subject or object of a verb are called Substantival Clauses.

The Infinitive used in Final clauses. As has been already stated the Infinitive is really the Dative case of a verbal noun.

It may therefore be used not only as the verb in a Substantival Clause but also as the verb in an Adverbial Clause expressing Purpose.

Such clauses are called Final Clauses.

The Infinitive is used in Final clauses on the same principle that a noun in the Dative case is used in English to express purpose.

Example: He went to the market for corn.

And so both in Greek and English the Infinitive is used to express Purpose.

Examples:

He sends his slaves to call the prophets.

ἀποστέλλει τοὺς δούλους καλεῖν τοὺς προφήτας.

John used to go to the Jordan to baptise the disciples

ὁ Ἰωάνης ἤρχετο πρὸς τὸν Ἰορδάνην βαπτίζειν τοὺς μαθητάς.

The negative used with the Infinitive in the New Testament is always μή.

Summary. The Infinitive is used in Substantival Clauses as being a Verbal Noun.

The Infinitive is used in Final Clauses as being the Dative Case of a verbal noun.

Personal and Possessive Pronouns

The Personal Pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons are as follows:

Singular
1st person	2nd person
N.	ἐγώ	I	N. V.	σύ	thou
A.	ἐμέ, μέ	me	A.	σέ	thee
G.	ἐμοῦ, μοῦ	of me, my	G.	σοῦ	of thee, thy
D.	ἐμοί, μοί	to me	D.	σοί	to thee
Plural
N.	ἡμεῖς	we	N. V.	ὑμεῖς	you
A.	ἡμᾶς	us	A.	ὑμᾶς	you
G.	ἡμῶν	of us, our	G.	ὑμῶν	of you, your
D.	ἡμῖν	to us	D.	ὑμῖν	to you

As has been already mentioned, all cases of αὐτός are used in the New Testament as the Personal Pronoun of the 3rd person “he, she, it,” etc. οὗτος and ἐκεῖνος are also sometimes used as Personal Pronouns.

Examples: He is the way, the truth and the life.

οὗτός ἐστιν ἡ ὁδός, ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή.

But he was teaching in the temple.

ἐκεῖνος δὲ ἐδίδασκεν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ.

The Nominative case of the Article followed by μέν and δέ is used as a Personal Pronoun of the 3rd person. This construction is frequent in the Classics but not in the N.T.

Examples: But he was sending him away.

ὁ δὲ ἀπέστελλεν αὐτόν.

But they depart into the wilderness.

οἱ δὲ ὑπάγουσι εἰς τὴν ἔρημον.

ὁ μέν followed by ὁ δέ must be translated by “One … another.”

οἱ μέν followed by οἱ δέ must be translated “Some … others.”

Example: Some remained, but others were going away.

οἱ μὲν ἔμενον, οἱ δὲ ἀπήρχοντο.

As the personal ending of the verb is generally sufficient to show what person and number the subject is, the Nominative case of the Personal Pronouns is not used except for emphasis.

Example: Thou art a slave, but I am free.

σὺ μὲν εἶ δοῦλος, ἐγὼ δὲ ἐλεύθερος.

The Possessive Pronouns are.

ἐμός	my, or mine
σός	thy, or thine
ἡμέτερος	our, or ours
ὑμέτερος	your, or yours

They are generally equivalent to the possessive Genitive of the Personal Pronoun.

Examples: My lord, ὁ ἐμὸς κύριος, ὁ κύριός μου.

Our lord, ὁ ἡμέτερος κύριος, ὁ κύριος ἡμῶν.

Note that when a noun is qualified by a Possessive Pronoun, or the Genitive of a Personal Pronoun, it generally has an Article before it.

The Genitive singular of αὐτός is used in the place of a Possessive Pronoun of the third person singular to translate “his, hers, its”; and the Genitive plural of the same word is used to translate “their.”

Exercise 15

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 11.

1. ἐβούλοντο ἀκούειν τοὺς λόγους οὓς ἐλάλει ὁ Ἰησοῦς. 2. διδά́σκαλε, καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι. 3. ἐδέοντο οὖν αὐτοῦ θεραπεύειν τοὺς υἱοὺς αὐτῶν. 4. οὗτος ἄρχεται οἰκοδομεῖν, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύναται ποιεῖν τὸ ἔργον. 5. δεῖ ὑμᾶς ἀποκρίνεσθαι τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις. 6. κελεύω σε ἐξέρχεσθαι ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας. 7. ἔξεστιν ἡμῖν κηρύσσειν τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. 8. ἔπεμπε τοὺς δούλους αὐτοῦ καλεῖν τοὺς πτωχοὺς καὶ τοὺς τυφλοὺς εἰς τὸν γάμον. 9. παρήγγελλεν αὐτοῖς ἄγειν τὸν Παῦλον. 10. ὁ γὰρ θεὸς πέμπει τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ σώζειν τὸν κόσμον. 11. παρεκάλουν αὐτοὺς οἱ προφῆται μένειν ἐν τῇ ἀληθείᾳ. 12. οὐ γὰρ θέλετε ἔρχεσθαι πρός με. 13. ὁ οὖν Ἰησοῦς ἤγετο εἰς τὴν ἔρημον πειράζεσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ διαβόλου. 14. οἱ μαθηταὶ ἤρχοντο πρὸς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ὁμολογεῖν τὰς ἁμαρτίας αὑτῶν τῷ Ἰωάνῃ. 15. ἐκελεύομεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους πέμπεσθαι. 16. ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἤθελεν πορεύεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς τοῦ Κυρίου. 17. ἐγώ σε κελεύω ἐκεῖ μένειν, σὺ δὲ οὐκ ὑπακούεις. 18. οἱ μὲν ἦσαν δοῦλοι οἱ δὲ ἐλεύθεροι. 19. παρεκαλοῦμεν τὸν λαὸν ὑπακούειν τοῖς προφήταις.

1. We must not deny the Lord of glory (use δεῖ). 2. They were not willing to obey the elders1. 3. It is lawful for them to receive the money from the publicans. 4. I am a man, but you are children. 5. We wish to see the temple of the God of Israel. 6. We are sending the slaves to call the blind and the poor to the marriage. 7. It is bad for them to be there. 8. It was necessary for Jesus to pass through Samaria to proclaim the Gospel to the people. 9. We commanded the prophet to be brought. 10. I besought him to heal my child, but he would not. 11. Jesus commanded them to send the blind man. 12. I am not able to exhort them to remain in Jerusalem. 13. Therefore they began to confess their sins to us. 14. Some went to their houses and others to the temple. 15. We are free, but you are slaves. 16. Jesus is led into the desert to be tempted by the devil. 17. We came to John to be baptized by him in the Jordan. 18. They are not able to do this. 19. I sent the messenger to you, but he was not willing to depart. 20. We must work the works of him that sent us (use δεῖ). 21. They wish to read the books which thou hast.

Lesson 16

The Future Indicative Active and Middle. The Middle Voice

The Future Indicative Active is generally formed in Greek by putting σ at the end of the stem of the verb, and then adding the endings of the Present Indicative Active.

The Future Middle is generally formed by putting σ at the end of the stem of the verb and then adding the endings of the Present Indicative Passive.

The meaning of the Middle voice will be explained below.

The Future Active and the Middle of λύω “I loose” are as follows:

	Active	Middle
λύσω	I shall loose, etc.	λύσομαι	I shall loose (for my own benefit), etc.
λύσεις		λύσει, λύσῃ
λύσει		λύσεται
λύσομεν		λυσόμεθα
λύσετε		λύσεσθε
λύσουσι		λύσονται
Future Infinitive Active	Future Infinitive Middle
λύσειν	To be about to loose	λύσεσθαι	To be about to loose (for one’s own benefit)

Note that each of these forms is made up of the stem of the verb, the σ, and the appropriate ending of the Present tense.

If the stem of the verb ends in a consonant, this consonant combines with the σ which is added to it to form the endings of the Future in the manner shown below.

If the stem of the verb ends in a guttural letter κ, γ, χ, it joins with the σ and makes ξ.

Examples:

Present	Future Act.	Future Mid.
διώκω		I pursue	διώξω	διώξομαι
ἀνοίγω		I open	ἀνοίξω	ἀνοίξομαι
ἄρχω	Act.	I rule	ἄρξω	ἄρξομαι
	Mid.	I begin
ἔχω		I have	ἕξω (but observe the rough breathing)

If the stem of the verb ends in a labial letter π, β, φ, it joins with the σ and makes ψ.

Examples:

Present	Future Act.	Future Mid.
βλέπω	I see	βλέψω	βλέψομαι
γράφω	I write	γράψω	γράψομαι
πέμπω	I send	πέμψω	πέμψομαι

If the stem of the verb ends in a dental letter τ, δ, θ, it is dropped before the σ of the Future.

Examples:

Present	Future Act.	Future Mid.
πείθω	I persuade	πείσω	πείσομαι

Verbs in εω lengthen the ε to η before adding the endings of the Future Tense.

Examples:

Present	Future Act.	Future Mid.
αἰτέω	I ask	αἰτήσω	αἰτήσομαι
ζητέω	I seek	ζητήσω	ζητήσομαι

The Future tense of εἰμί is as follows:

Indicative:	ἔσομαι	I shall be, etc.
	ἔσει, ἔσῃ
	ἔσται	Infinitive: ἔσεσθαι
	ἐσόμεθα
	ἔ̓́σεσθε
	ἔσονται

The Middle voice. The Middle voice generally denotes that the subject is acting upon himself, or in some way that concerns himself, but often it is not distinguished from the Active voice in meaning.

Many verbs have no Future Active forms, but only Future Middle.

These Futures Middle are “deponent” and have exactly the same meaning as if they were active.

The Middle voice of the Present tense is the same in form as the Passive voice.

Exercise 16

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 12.

1. οὐκ ἀδικήσουσι τὰ τέκνα. 2. οἱ δὲ ἐνδύσουσι τὰ ἱμάτια. 3. ἀνοίξει τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τῶν τυφλῶν οἳ συνάγονται ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ. 4. πείσομεν τοὺς ἐργάτας ἐργάζεσθαι ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς. 5. πέμψω πρὸς αὐτοὺς σοφοὺς καὶ προφήτας, ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἀκούσουσιν αὐτοὺς οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραήλ. 6. ἐκεῖνος ἔσται ἅγιος τῷ Κυρίῳ. 7. ἄρξετε τῶν Ἰουδαίων οἳ κατοικοῦσι ἐκείνην τὴν γῆν. 8. προφητεύσεις τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ καὶ ὑπακούσουσί σοι. 9. διακονήσετε τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ὑμῶν ὅτι οὐκ ἠθέλετε ὑπακούειν μοι, ἀλλ᾽ ἐγὼ ἐλεήσω ὑμᾶς ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ. 10. κατοικήσομεν τοὺς ἀλροὺς τῶν ἐχθρῶν οἷς διηκονοῦμεν ὅτι οὐκ ἠκούομεν τὸν λόγον τοῦ Κυρίου. 11. οἱ διάκονοι τῆς συναγωγῆς οὐ διώξουσι τοὺς λῃστὰς ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ. 12. εὐλογείτωσαν τὴν δόξαν τοῦ θεοῦ Ἰσραήλ. 13. πέμψομεν τοὺς νεανίας κατοικεῖν τὴν γῆν. 14. οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ἕξουσι τὰ πρόβατα ἃ σώζεται ἀπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν. 15. ἀρξόμεθα εὐλογεῖν τοὺς υἱοὺς τῶν προφητῶν.

1. I will open the books which are in the synagogue. 2. They shall be just and faithful in that day, and I will bless them because they hear my voice. 3. We shall behold the face of the Lord in the temple which is built in Jerusalem. 4. The Lord will have mercy upon them because they dwell in the land of their enemies, and he will lead them into their own land. 5. Jesus therefore began to send the apostles to proclaim the Gospel to the house of Israel. 6. We will send the slaves to pursue the robbers. 7. Peace and truth shall dwell in our land because we obey the commandments of the Lord. 8. He will speak these things to the multitudes in parables. 9. I shall be first, but thou wilt be last. 10. Do not praise the wicked, for the wicked shall not dwell in our land.

Lesson 17

The Two Stems of Verbs. The Reflexive Pronoun. Questions

Greek verbs are not divided into conjugations with different endings like Latin verbs.

All the verbs in ω have the same endings: the differences between them are caused by variations in the stem.

The verbs which are given as examples in the last exercise (except πείθω) and also those in the vocabulary have but one stem: but many verbs have at least two stems:—

(1) The Verbal stem from which all the tenses with the exception of the Present and Imperfect are generally formed.

(2) The Present stem from which the Present and Imperfect tenses are formed.

The fact that the meanings of verbs are given in dictionaries under the form of the Present Indicative tends to fix attention upon it, and to produce the impression that it is the original and most important form of the verb. This is however not the case. The present stem is really derived from the verbal stem, and is generally a lengthened form of the verbal stem.

The verbal stem is the most important part of the verb; nouns and adjectives of kindred meaning are formed from it, and not from the present stem.

Examples:

Verbal stem	Present	Derived word
κηρυκ	κηρύσσω	κῆρυξ	a herald
μαθ	μανθάνω	μαθητής	a disciple
φυγ	φεύγω	φυγή	flight

Some of the ways in which the verbal stem is modified so as to form the present stem are classified below.

(1) Verbs which add τ to the verbal stem in order to form the present stem:

Examples:

Stem	Present	Future	Meaning
καλυπ	ἀποκαλύπτω	ἀποκαλύψω	I reveal
κοπ	ἐκκόπτω	ἐκκόψω	I cut down
κρυπ	κρύπτω	κρύψω	I hide

(2) Verbs in which the verbal stem ends in a guttural which is softened to σσ to form the present stem.

Examples:

Stem	Present	Future	Meaning
κηρυκ	κηρύσσω	κηρύξω	I proclaim
πραγ	πράσσω	πράξω	I do
ταγ	τάσσω	τάξω	I set in order
φυλακ	φυλάσσω	φυλάξω	I guard

(3) Verbs ending in ζω in the Present: these are formed from stems ending in δ or γ. The former make their Futures in σω and the latter in ξω.

Examples:

Stem	Present	Future	Meaning
ἐλπιδ	ἐλπίζω	ἐλπίσω	I hope
κραγ	κράζω	κράξω	I cry

The majority of verbs in ζω form their futures like ἐλπίζω.

The following are some of the most important:

ἁγιάζω	I sanctify	ἑτοιμάζω	I make ready
ἀγοράζω	I buy	θαυμάζω	I wonder
βαπτίζω	I baptise	καθαρίζω	I cleanse
βαστάζω	I carry	πειράζω	I try or tempt
δοξάζω	I glorify	ακανδαλίζω	I cause to stumble
ἐγγίζω	I draw near	σώζω	I save
	ἐργάζομαι	I work

Observe that in all the verbs given above the Future is formed from the verbal stem in accordance with the rules given on p. 41.

Reflexive Pronouns are used when the subject and object of a sentence or clause refer to the same person or thing.

The forms which occur in the New Testament are:

ἐμαυτόν	myself
σεαυτόν	thyself
ἑαυτόν (αὑτόν)	himself
ἑαυτήν (αὑτήν)	herself
ἑαυτό (αὑτό)	itself
ἑαυτούς	ourselves, yourselves, themselves

As we have already seen, αὐτός, -ή, -ό, means “he, she, it” when it stands alone, and “self” when it is joined to a noun or pronoun.

When αὐτός is joined to, and immediately follows, an article it means “the same.” The article and αὐτός are always in the same number, gender and case.

Distinguish carefully between

	The same man.
	ὁ αὐτὸς ἄνθρωπος.
and	The man himself.
	ὁ ἄνθρωπος αὐτός.

Distinguish also between this last use of αὐτος and the use of the Reflexive pronoun:

The man himself says this.

ὁ ἄνθρωπος αὐτὸς λέγει τοῦτο.

The man casts himself into the sea.

ὁ ἄνθρωπος βάλλει αὑτὸν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν.

τὰ αὐτά contracted to ταὐτά means “the same things.”

Questions

Questions are expressed in Greek not by altering the order of the words in the sentence, but by placing the question mark; at the end of the sentence. It will be noticed that this question mark is like an English semi-colon. The Greek colon is a single dot above the line.

Examples: They are doing this.

ποιοῦσι τοῦτο.

Are they doing this?

ποιοῦσι τοῦτο;

Exercise 17

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 13.

1. κρύψομεν τὸ παιδίον ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ; 2. οὐχ ἁγιάσουσι τὰ σάββατά μου. 3. οἱ αὐτοὶ ἄγγελοι ἑτοιμάσουσιν ἑαυτοὺς πορεύεσθαι. 4. καθαρίζετε ἑαυτούς, ὑποκριταί. 5. ἀποκαλύψεις αὐτοῖς τὴν δόξαν τῆς σοφίας. 6. ἕξετε ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς. 7. σὺ γὰρ πράξεις τὰ αὐτά. 8. Ἰησοῦς αὐτὸς ἤγγιζε τοῖς αὐτοῖς μαθηταῖς. 9. τάξουσι τοὺς αὐτοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐν τοῖς ἀγροῖς. 10. σκανδαλίσετε τοὺς ἁγίους; 11. ἅψεται τοῦ ἱματίου τοῦ προφήτου. 12. πορεύσομαι πρὸς τὴν αὐτὴν οἰκίαν; 13. ἁγιάζετε τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν τῇ ἀγάπῃ τῆς ἀληθείας. 14. ἀπάξουσι τοὺς λεπροὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱεροῦ. 15. ἐκκόψετε τὰ δένδρα ἅ ἐστιν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ γῇ. 16. θαυμάσει τὴν δόξαν τοῦ Κυρίου.

1. Ye shall set the books in order in the synagogue. 2. They will hope to behold the signs of the apostles. 3. We will draw near to hear the voice of the teacher. 4. The wicked man will do wicked things. 5. Will he cleanse himself in the same lake? 6. She will make herself ready to go. 7. I will cut down the trees that are in the field. 8. We will buy the same books for our children. 9. The Lord will guard the souls of his people. 10. We will begin to sanctify our hearts. 11. The maiden will carry the loaves for the workmen. 12. They will hide themselves in the trees. 13. You will begin to wonder at the power of the elders. 14. We shall not reveal ourselves to them. 15. Art thou willing to behold peace and righteousness in the kingdom of God? 16. Shall we command them to read the Scriptures to the brethren?

Lesson 18

The First Aorist Active

The First Aorist is so called to distinguish it from the Second Aorist, a tense which is formed differently, but practically always the same meaning. Very few verbs have both Aorists.

The two Aorists may be compared in this respect with the strong and weak forms of the Past tense in English. Very few verbs in English have both a strong and a weak Past tense; if they have, the meaning of the two forms is identical.

Example:	Present	Strong Past	Weak Past
	Beseech	Besought	Beseeched

At present we are concerned only with the 1st Aorist; but whatever is said about the meaning of this tense applies equally to the 2nd Aorist. The name Aorist means unbounded or unlimited. The Aorist tense is used in Greek to denote that the action spoken of is to be regarded simply as an event, without any regard being taken of the length of time during which it has been going on. The Present and Imperfect tenses on the other hand emphasise the fact that the action spoken of is continuous or often repeated. In practice it will be sufficient for the present to translate the Aorist Indicative by the English Past Simple, and the Imperfect generally by the English Past Continuous, or Imperfect.

Example:	ἔλυον	I was loosing, or I used to loose.
	ἔλυσα	I loosed.

This distinction should be carefully observed.

The 1st Aorist of the verb λύω is as follows:

1st Aor. Ind. Act.	1st Aor. Imper. Act.
ἔλυσα	I loosed.
ἔλυσας	thou loosedst.	λῦσον	loose (thou).
ἔλυσε	he loosed.	λυσάτω	let him loose.
ἐλύσαμεν	we loosed.
ἐλύσατε	you loosed.	λύσατε	loose (ye).
ἔλυσαν	they loosed.	λυσάτωσαν	let them loose.
		λυσάντων
1st Aorist Infinitive Act.: λῦσαι.

As in the Future σ is inserted between the stem of the verb and the endings. The characteristic vowel of the tense is α.

The σ which is inserted before the endings of the 1st Aorist produces consonantal changes similar to those produced by the σ inserted before the endings of the Future.

Examples:	Present	Future	1st Aorist
	διώκω	διώξω	ἐδίωξα
	ἀνοίγω	ἀνοίξω	ἀνέῳξα1
	κηρύσσω	κηρύξω	ἐκήρυξα
	κράζω	κράξω	ἔκραξα
	βλέπω	βλέψω	ἔβλεψα
	γράφω	γράψω	ἔγραψα
	κρύπτω	κρύψω	ἔκρυψα
	πείθω	πείσω	ἔπεισα
	ἐλπίζω	ἐλπίσω	ἤλπισα
	ἁγιάζω	ἁγιάσω	ἡγίασα
	αἰτέω	αἰτήσω	ᾔτησα
	καλέω	καλέσω2	ἐκάλεσα2
	θέλω	θελήσω3	ἠθέλησα3

The above list should be carefully learnt.

The meaning of the Aorist Imperative

The Aorist Imperative has no augment because it is not regarded as a past tense. The difference in meaning between it and the Present Imperative is that while the Present Imperative denotes a command or entreaty to Continue to do an action, to do it Habitually, the Aorist Imperative denotes a command or entreaty simply to do an action Without any Regard to its continuance or frequency.

This difference of meaning is well seen in the parallel versions of a petition in the Lord’s Prayer given in two of the Gospels.

The verb used in the first is the Present Imperative of the verb δίδωμι “I give,” an irregular verb explained in lesson 32, the verb used in the second is the Aorist Imperative of the same verb.

Give us (keep on giving us) day by day our daily bread.

τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐ̓πιούσιον δίδου ἡμῖν τὸ καθʼ ἡμέραν. Lk. 11:3.

Give to us this day our daily bread.

τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον. Mt. 6:11.

The Present Imperative denotes a continuous act of giving—day after day. The Aorist Imperative denotes a single act of giving—for to-day.

Another good example is found in Jn 2:16:

Take these things hence (single action), do not continue to make my Father’s house a house of merchandise.

ἄ̓́ρατε1 ταῦτα ἐντεῦθεν, μὴ ποιεῖτε τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός μου οἶκον ἐμπορίου.

The Aorist infinitive

The Aorist Infinitive differs in meaning from the Present Infinitive just in the same way as the Aorist Imperative differs in meaning from the Present Imperative.

Its use denotes that the action denoted by the verb is to be regarded simply as an action happening at some time not defined, without any regard to its continuance or frequency.

The use of the Present Infinitive denotes that the action denoted by the verb is to be regarded as continuous or repeated.

The Aorist Infinitive is consequently used more frequently than the Present Infinitive in Greek: and the student should always use it unless there is some good reason to the contrary.

It is Not confined to expressing action in past time like the Latin Perfect Infinitive, it has therefore no augment since it is not regarded as a past tense.

Examples: To keep on writing the same things is good for you.

γράφειν τὰ αὐτὰ καλόν ἐστιν ὑμῖν. (Pres. Inf.)

I hope to write to you soon.

ἐλπίζω γράψαι ὑμῖν ταχέως. (Aor. Inf.)

Exercise 18

Link to Answers

Revise Vocabularies 9–13.

1. ἐδίωξαν τοὺς λῃστὰς οἳ ἀπῆγον τὰ πρόβατα. 2. οἱ δὲ λεπροὶ ἐπίστευσαν1 τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. 3. ἔπεμψας τοὺς τελώνας ἀγοράσαι τὰ ἱμάτια. 4. σῶσον τὸ ἀργύριον ἀπὸ τῶν λῃστῶν. 5. σῶζω τὸν λαόν σου ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ. 6. ταξάτωσαν τὰ βιβλία ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ. 7. μετὰ ταῦτα ἐπείσαμεν αὐτοὺς κρύψαι τὰ παιδία. 8. ἐκαθαρίσαμεν ἑαυτοὺς ἐν τῷ ποταμῷ. 9. ὁ διδάσκαλος αὐτὸς ἐθαύμασε τὴν σοφίαν τῶν μαθητῶν. 10. ἐπορεύετο διὰ τῆς γῆς ἔκκοψαι τὰ δένδρα. 11. διὰ τοῦτο οὐ δεῖ σκανδαλίζειν τοὺς πιστούς. 12. βάστασον τὸ πλοῖον ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης. 13. ἁγιάσατε ἑαυτούς, ἐγγίζει γὰρ ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ Κυρίου. 14. ἐκέλευσεν τὸν λεπρὸν ὁ προφήτης καθαρίσαι ἑαυτὸν ἐν τῷ Ἰορδάνῃ ποταμῷ. 15. ἡ φωνὴ τοῦ Ἰωάνου ἔκραξε ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ ‘ἑτοιμάσατε τὴν ὁδὸν τῷ Κυρίῳ.’ 16. ἐτηρήσαμεν τὰς ἐντολὰς ἃς ἠκούομεν ἀπὸ τῶν ἁγίων ἀποστόλων. 17. καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς πράσσειν τὴν δικαιοσύνην. 18. ἐδέοντο2 αὐτοῦ μὴ πράξαι ἑαυτῷ κακόν. 19. μετὰ τοῦτο οὖν ἀνέῳξεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ. 20. ἐλπίζεις θεωρεῖν τὴν δόξαν τῶν ἀγγέλων. 21. ἡ εἰρήνη κατοικείτω τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν. 22. ταῦτα γὰρ ἠθέλησαν βλέψαι οἱ ἄγγελοι.

1. They baptised the publicans in the river. 2. You were going through the land to behold the houses and the people. 3. Hide the stones in the field. 4. Do not continue to offend the brethren (use the Pres. Imper.). 5. Let them set the men in order. 6. You revealed the commandments and promises to the church. 7. Shall we begin to read the books? 8. Cleanse your hearts, ye sinners, and confess your sins to the church. 9. Is it lawful to heal on the Sabbath? 10. Save thy people, O Lord, from the wickedness of this world. 11. Make ready therefore to hide yourselves and your children in Jerusalem. 12. Let love and righteousness dwell in your hearts. 13. He commanded me to write these words in a book. 14. It is good for them to keep on reading the same things. 15. After this I will reveal my power to the children of Israel. 16. He wished to call the publicans to the marriage.

lesson 19

The Second Aorist Active. Object Clauses After Verbs of Saying, or Thinking

The Endings of the Second Aorist Indicative Active are the Same as those of the Imperfect Indicative Active. The Endings of the 2nd Aorist Imperative Active are the Same as those of the Present Imperative Active. The Endings of the 2nd Aorist Infinitive Active are the Same as those of the Present Infinitive Active.

The 2nd Aorist can only be distinguished from the Imperfect and the Present Imperative and Infinitive by the Stem.

The Imperfect and the Present Imperative and Infinitive are formed from the present stem. The 2nd Aorist Indicative, Imperative and Infinitive are formed from the verbal stem (see p. 43).

There is no difference in meaning between a 1st and a 2nd Aorist

Object clauses after verbs of saying or thinking

Object clauses after verbs meaning “to say” or “to think” are sometimes expressed in Greek, as they nearly always are in English, by a clause introduced by ὅτι, “that1”, with a verb in the Indicative mood.

Examples: They say that they hear the voice.

λέγουσιν ὅτι ἀκούουσι τὴν φωνήν.

We believe that we beheld the temple.

πιστεύομεν ὅτι ἐβλέΨαμεν τὸ ἱερόν.

In Greek however the Tense of the verb which was used by the original speaker or thinker when he uttered the words or framed the thought is always retained, and the verb in the object clause is not put into a past tense as it is in English when the verb in the principal clause is in a past tense. In English we say “The man said that he heard the voice.” The words that the man actually uttered were “I hear the voice.” In Greek this present tense is retained and we write

ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἶπεν ὅτι ἀκούει τὴν φωνήν.

Again, in the sentence “The men believed that the slave was there,” the thought that the men framed in their minds was “the slave is there,” consequently we translate this sentence into Greek as follows:

οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἐπίστευσαν ὅτι ὁ δοῦλός ἐστιν ἐκεῖ.

So in the following sentences:

He said that he had seen the boats. (I saw the boats.)

εἶπεν ὅτι εἶδε τὰ πλοῖα.

They thought that they had seen a vision. (We saw a vision.)

ἐνόμισαν ὅτι εἶδον ὀπτασίαν.

In English the tense of the verb in the object clause is put one stage further into the past: the Past is used instead of the Present, and the Pluperfect instead of the Past. But in Greek the tense used by the original speaker or thinker is always retained.

The student should always ask himself what were the original words uttered, or the original thought framed, before trying to translate such sentences as these.

Exercise 19

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 14.

1. μετὰ ταῦτα ἀπέθανεν ὁ πτωχός. 2. ἔβημεν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὣρᾳ. 3. ἔμαθες ὅτι ἔρχεται ὁ κριτής. 4. ὦ Κύριε, ἥμαρτον εἰς σέ. 5. εἴδομεν ὅτι ὁ τελώνης φέρει τὸ ἀργύριον ἐκ τῆς οἰκίας. 6. ἰδὲ τοὺς δεσπότας τῆς γῆς. 7. γινώσκομεν ὅτι ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ἦλθεν εἰς τὸν κόσμον σώζειν τοὺς ἁμαρτωλούς. 8. εἶπεν ὅτι πίμουσι τὸν οἶνον καὶ ἐσθίουσι τὸν ἄρτον. 9. ἠνέγκομεν τοὺς λίθους ἀπὸ τῆς θαλάσσης. 10. τὰ δένδρα ἔπεσε εἰς τὸν ἀγρόν. 11. οἱ λῃσταὶ ἔφευγον ἀπὸ τῶν νεανίων. 12. οἱ δὲ προφῆται ἔφυγον εἰς τὴν ἔρημον. 13. ἐν τούτῳ γινώσκομεν τὴν ἀγάπην τοῦ θεοῦ ὅτι ἔπεμΨεν τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ τὸν ἀγαπητὸν εἰς τὸν κόσμον. 14. βῆθι εἰς τοὺς ἀγροὺς καὶ λάβε τὸν καρπὸν ἀπὸ τῶν ἐργάτων. 15. ἔγνων ὅτι ὁ Κύριος ἔπεμψε τὸν ἄγγελον αὐτοῦ σώζειν με. 16. ἐλθέτω τὰ παιδία πρός με. 17. εἴπομεν ὅτι δεῖ παθεῖν αὐτοὺς πολλά. 18. εἶδον ὅτι ἠγάγομεν τὸν ὄχηον εἰς τὴν συναγωγήν. 19. ἔσχεν τὰ βιβλία τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ μου. 20. ἔγνωμεν ὅτι πολλὰ ἔμαθον οἱ μεθηταὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἀποστόλων.

1. We cast ourselves into the river. 2. You received the garments which the elders sent for the poor. 3. They fled from the face of the judges. 4. After this the disciples knew that they had sinned (their thought was “we sinned”). 5. This is the stone that fell from heaven. 6. The virgin brought forth a son, and they called him Jesus1. 7. Ye follow2 me, not because ye saw signs, but because ye ate the loaves. 8. The Son of man must suffer many things. 9. After these days we went to Samaria. 10. Behold the Lamb of God. 11. He said that he had learnt many things from the prophet. 12. We know that we must suffer many things. 13. On this account they left the sheep in the fields and fled. 14. He commanded the multitude to eat the bread and drink the wine which the young men brought. 15. The prophet who had the book died in the wilderness. 16. We saw that the slaves were carrying the boat to the lake (the thought was “they are carrying”). 17. They said that the children had eaten the fruit (the words used were “the children ate the fruit”). 18. They knew that the maidens were in the house. 19. I heard that the apostles were going to Jerusalem.

Lesson 20

The Future and Aorist Active of Liquid Verbs. Temporal Clauses

The Future and Aorist of verbs whose stems end in a liquid letter λ, μ, ν, ρ present some peculiarities.

(1) The present stem is longer than the verbal stem: (a) it has a long vowel or a diphthong where the verbal stem has a short vowel, or (b) it ends in λλ where the verbal stem ends in λ (except in the case of ὀφείλω).

(2) The Future Active and Middle instead of inserting σ before their endings have endings like those of the Present of contracted verbs in εω.

(3) The 1st Aor. Act. generally has a long vowel or diphthong in the stem, and does not insert σ before its endings, but adds them direct to the lengthened stem.

The following verbs of this class are important.

Present	Stem	Future	1st or 2nd Aor. Act.	Meaning
ἀγγέλλω	ἀγγελ	ἀγγελῶ	ἤγγειλα	I announce
αἴρω	ἀρ	ἀρῶ	ἦρα	I raise, or take up
ἀποθνήσκω	θαν	ἀποθανοῦμαι	ἀπέθανον	I die
ἀποκτείνω	κτεν	ἀποκτενῶ	ἀπέκτεινα	I kill
ἀποστέλλω	στελ	ἀποστελῶ	ἀπέστειλα	I send
βάλλω	βαλ	βαλῶ	ἔβαλον	I throw
ἐγείρω	ἐγερ	ἐγερῶ	ἤγειρα	I rouse
κρίνω	κριν	κρινῶ	ἔκρινα	I judge
μένω	μεν	μενῶ	ἔμεινα	I remain
ὀφείλω	ὀφελ	ὀφελῶ	ὤφειλα	I owe, foll. by Inf. I ought
σπείρω	σπερ	σπερῶ	ἔσπειρα	I sow
φαίνω	φαν	φανοῦμαι		I manifest
φθείρω	φθερ	φθερῶ	ἔφθειρα	I destroy

The compound forms of these verbs such as παραγγέλλω, ἐπαίρω, ἐκβάλλω, κατακρίνω form their tenses in exactly the same way as the uncompounded forms given above. The Future of ἀγγέλλω is conjugated as follows: ἀγγελῶ, ἀγγελεῖς, ἀγγελεῖ, ἀγγελοῦμεν, ἀγγελεῖτε, ἀγγελοῦσι.

The 1st Aor. Imperat. is ἄγγειλον and the Infinitive is ἀγγεῖλαι.

The other verbs are all conjugated in the same way.

Temporal Clauses, or clauses denoting time

A Temporal Clause denotes the time of the action of the verb in the clause on which it depends.

Temporal clauses are introduced by ὅτε or ὥς meaning “when,” ἕως meaning “while” or “until.”

When a temporal clause refers to a single definite event its verb is in the Indicative mood, just as in English.

N.B. Distinguish carefully between ὅτε “when,” and ὅτι “that,” or “because.”

Examples:

When he came to the sea he saw the ships.

ὅτε ἦλθε πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν εἶδε τὰ πλοῖα.

While he read the books he remained in the house.

ἕως ἀνέγνω τὰ βιβλία κατέμεινεν ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ.

He remained in the house until the slave came.

κατέμεινεν ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ ἕως ἦλθεν ὁ δοῦλος.

The Preposition παρά.

The root meaning of this preposition is Beside.

It is used with a noun or pronoun in the accusative, genitive, or dative case.

When used with the Accusative case it denotes generally motion to beside or motion along side of places.

Examples:

ὁ δὲ σπόρος ἔπεσεν παρὰ τὴν ὁδόν.

But the seed fell by the roadside.

ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἦλθεν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν τῆς Γαλιλαίας.

But Jesus went along the side of the sea of Galilee.

When used with the Genitive case it denotes motion from beside of persons.

Example: καὶ ἔγνωσαν ὅτι παρὰ σοῦ ἐξῆλθον.

And they knew that I came forth from Thee.

When used with the Dative it denotes rest beside and may be translated “near,” or “by,” or “with,” or “at the house of.”

Example: ἔμειναν παρ᾽ αὐτῷ τὴν ἡμέραν ἐκείνην.

They remained with him that day.

Exercise 20

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 15.

1. ὅτε δὲ οἱ στρατιῶται ἦλθον εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν ἀπήγγειλαν ὅτι ἀπἐστειλεν αὐτὸς ὁ1 Κορνήλιος. 2. κατακρινοῦσι τὰς χήρας καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσι τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν μαχαίρᾳ. 3. οὐ μενεῖτε ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τούτῳ ἀλλ᾽ ἀποθανεῖσθε ἐν τῇ γῇ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑχθρῶν ὑμῶν. 4. οἱ ἀπόστολοι ἔσπειραν τὸν λόγον ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις τῶν μαθητῶν. 5. ἦρεν οὖν τὸν σταυρὸν καὶ ἦλθεν ὀπίσω τοῦ Ἰησοῦ. 6. ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ οἱ κριταὶ ἔκριναν τὰς φυλὰς Ἰσραήλ. 7. ἐφθείραμεν τὰς κώμας αἱ ἧσαν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν. 8. ἔμεινα ἐκεῖ ἕως ἀνέγνω τὸ βιβλίον. 9. ὅτε δὲ ἀπέκτεινεν ὁ Ἡρώδεης τὰ παιδία ἐν Βηθλεὲμ κατέφυγεν ὁ1 Ἰωσὴφ εἰς Αἴγυπτον σὺν Μαρίᾳ. 10. δύνασθε πιεῖν τὸ ποτήριον ὃ δεῖ με πιεῖν; 11. φανοῦμαι τὸ πρόσωπόν μου αὐτοῖς καὶ βλέψουσι τὴν δόξαν μου. 12. ἐμείναμεν ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἕως ᾠκοδόμουν οἱ ἐργάται τὸν θρόνον. 13. ὣς δὲ ἤκουσαν ταῦτα παρὰ τῆς χήρας ἔμειναν παρ᾽ αὐτῇ. 14. ὤφειλες ἀργύριον τοῖς τελώναις. 15. ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν τῷ παραλυτικῷ Ἔγειρε, ἆρον τὴν κλίνην σου καὶ ὕπαγε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου, ὣς δὲ ἤκουσεν ταῦτα ἦρεν τὴν κλίνην καὶ ὑπῆγεν. 16. ἀπεστείλαμεν τοὺς ἀγγέλους ἑτοιμάσαι τὴν ὁδόν. 17. ὁ προφήτης εἶπεν ὅτι πάντα δυνατά ἐστι παρὰ τῷ θεῷ2. 18. παρηγγείλατε αὐτοῖς μὴ φθεῖραι τὰ πλοῖα. 19. ἠθέλησας ἄγειν τὰ πρόβατα παρὰ τὰ δένδρα. 20. παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατόν ἐστιν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ, πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ. 21. καὶ τοῦτο ἠκούσαμεν παρ᾽ αὐροῦ ὅτι δεῖ φιλεῖν τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς ἡμῶν. 22. οἱ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον ὅτι ἐσθίει παρὰ ἁμαρτωλῷ.

1. Send the young men to rouse the soldiers. 2. Joseph took the Child and Mary and departed into Egypt. 3. They shall not die in the wilderness, for the soldiers will save them. 4. I will manifest myself to my servants (use δοῦλος) at that time, saith the Lord. 5. The Pharisees went to eat bread at the house of the prophet1. 6. This is impossible with men, but it is possible with God. 7. When Herod heard these words he sent his servants to destroy the children in Bethlehem with the sword. 8. They remained in the house while the paralytic took up his bed. 9. We announced that the apostle was staying (use μένω) in the house of Cornelius. 10. Take up thy cross and carry it after me. 11. You ought not to condemn these widows. 12. I shall cast the sword into the lake. 13. When the disciples came to the village they sowed the word in the hearts of the people. 14. The Son of man (insert the article before “of man”) must suffer many things. 15. I heard this from (παρά) the prophet who lives (μένω) at the house of the widow in Bethlehem. 16. Wilt thou not slay the wicked, O Lord? 17. They wished to throw the stones beside the temple. 18. The Pharisees said that the disciples of John did not eat with publicans and sinners (use παρά).

Lesson 21

The Third Declension

The third declension contains all nouns which do not belong to the first or second declension.

The stems of third declension nouns end (1) in a consonant, (2) in a vowel, generally ι, υ or ευ.

(1) Third Declension nouns with stems ending in a consonant.

The endings of these nouns when masculine or feminine are as follows:

	Singular	Plural
Nom.	Various	ες
Voc.	Same as Nom., or same as stem	ες
Acc.	α	ας
Gen.	ος	ων
Dat.	ι	σι

These endings are added to the stem. The stem is found by taking away the ending of the Genitive Singular.

Examples:

Nominative	Genitive	Stem
νύξ	night	νυκτός	νυκτ
παῖς	boy	παιδός	παιδ
ἄρχων	ruler	ἄρχοντος	ἀρχοντ

The following are examples of the declension of nouns of the third declension.

Stems ending in a mute letter
(ὁ) φύλαξ a guard	(ὁ) σαλπίγξ a trumpet	(ὁ) ὀδούς a tooth	(ἡ) ἰλπίς hope
Stem	φυλακ	σαλπιγγ	ὀδοντ	ἐλπιδ
Singular
Nom.	φύλαξ	σάλπιγξ	ὀδούς	ἐλπίς
Voc.	φύλαξ	σάλπιγξ	ὀδούς	ἐλπίς
Acc.	φύλακα	σάλπιγγα	ὀδόντα	ἐλπίδα
Gen.	φύλακος	σάλπιγγος	ὀδόντος	ἐλπίδος
Dat.	φύλακι	σάλπιγγι	ὀδόντι	ἐλπίδι
Plural
Nom.	φύλακες	σάλπιγγες	ὀδόντες	ἐλπίδες
Voc.	φύλακες	σάλπιγγες	ὀδόντες	ἐλπίδες
Acc.	φύλακας	σάλπιγγας	ὀδόντας	ἐλπίδας
Gen.	φυλάκων	σαλπίγγων	ὀδόντων	ἐλπίδων
Dat.	φύλαξι	σάλπιγξι	ὀδοῦσι	ἐλπίσι
Stems ending in a liquid letter
(ὁ) ποιμήν a shepherd	(ὁ) αἰών an age	(ὁ) ἡγεμών a leader	(ὁ) σωτήρ a saviour
Stem	ποιμεν	αἰων	ἡγεμον	σωτερ
Singular
Nom.	ποιμήν	αἰών	ἡγεμών	σωτήρ
Voc.	ποιμήν	αἰών	ἡγεμών	σῶτερ
Acc.	ποιμένα	αἰῶνα	ἡγεμόνα	σωτῆρα
Gen.	ποιμένος	αἰῶνος	ἡγεμόνος	σωτῆρος
Dat.	ποιμένι	αἰῶνι	ἡγεμόνι	σωτῆρι
Plural
Nom.	ποιμένες	εἰῶνες	ἡγεμόνες	σωτῆρες
Voc.	ποιμένες	αἰῶνες	ἡγεμόνες	σωτῆρες
Acc.	ποιμένας	αἰῶνας	ἡγεμόνας	σωτῆρας
Gen.	ποιμένων	αἰώνων	ἡγεμόνων	σωτήρων
Dat.	ποιμέσι	αἰῶσι	ἡγεμόσι	σωτῆρσι

Note on the Formation of the Vocative Singular and Dative Plural

The Vocative is the same as the Nominative in nouns with stems ending in a mute letter such as φύλαξ, and in nouns with stems ending in a liquid letter which are accented on the last syllable such as ποιμήν. Nouns not accented on the last syllable have the Vocative like the stem, as δαίμων, Vocative δαὶμον.

Exceptions. Nouns with stems in ιδ such as ἐλπίς have the Vocative like the stem without the final consonant. σωτήρ has the Vocative σῶτερ.

All other nouns have the Vocative the same as the stem.

When σι is added to the stem to form the Dative plural, the same consonantal changes take place as take place in forming the Future of verbs:

gutturals followed by σ form ξ,

labials followed by σ form ψ,

dentals and ν followed by σ drop out.

Examples:

Nominative	Meaning	Stem	Dative plural
φύλαξ	a guard	φυλακ	φύλαξι
φλέψ	a vein	φλεβ	φλέψι
ἐλπίς	hope	ἐλπιδ	ἐλπίσι
ποιμήν	a shepherd	ποιμεν	ποιμέσι

The best way to learn 3rd declension nouns is to learn the Nom. Sing., Gen. Sing., and gender all at once.

The gender of nouns is generally indicated in dictionaries by adding the proper gender of the article to the noun, thus χάρις ἡ means that χάρις is feminine, πῦρ τό means that πῦρ is neuter.

The following are some of the most common 3rd declension nouns in the New Testament.

Nominative	Genitive	Gender	Meaning
ἀλέκτωρ	ἀλέκτορος	ὁ	a cock
ἀμπελέν	ἀμπελῶνος	ὁ	a vineyard
ἄρχων	ἄρχοντος	ὁ	a ruler
ἀστήρ	ἀστέρος Dat. pl. ἄστρασι	ὁ	a star
εἰκών	εἰκόνος	ἡ	an image
λαμπάς	λαμπάδος	ἡ	a lamp
μήν	μηνός	ὁ	a month
νύξ	νυκτός	ἡ	a night
παῖς	παιδός	ὁ	a child
σάρξ	σαρκός	ἡ	flesh
χάρις1	χάριτος	ἡ	favour or grace

Exercise 21

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 16.

1. ἐγείρεσθε τῇ φωνῇ τῆς σάλπιγγος. 2. φυλασσέσθωσαν αἱ θύραι ὑπὸ τῶν φυλάκων. 3. ἀπέστειλαν τοὺς ποιμένας συνάγειν τὰ πρόβατα νυκτός2 4. οἱ παῖδες ἦρον τὴν εἰκόνα. 5. μενοῦσι ἐν τῇ γῇ αὐτῶν εἰς3 τὸν αἰῶνα. 6. ὅτε δὲ ἐξῆλθεν ὁ Πέτρος εὐφώνησεν ὁ ἀλέκτωρ. 7. ἔλαβες τὸν καρπὸν τοῦ ἀμπελῶνος τοῖς ποιμέσι. 8. ἐποίησα τοῦτον τὸν χιτῶνα τῷ παιδί. 9. αἱ δὲ παρθένοι ἔλαβον τὰς λαμπάδας καὶ ἐξῆλθον ἰδεῖν τὸν νυμφίον. 10. σωζόμεθα γὰρ ἐλπίδι καὶ τῇ χάριτι τοῦ θεοῦ. 11. ἰδὲ τοὺς ἀστέρας ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ. 12. ἐκάλουν αὐτὸν τὸν σωτῆρα τοῦ κόσμου. 13. εἰ μὴ4 ἐσθίετε τὴν σάρκα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἔχετε ζωὴν ἐν ἑαυτοῖς. 14. πέμπομαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἡγεμόνων ἀπαγγεῖλαι ὑμῖν ταῦτα. 15. ἄκουσον ἡμῶν5, σῶτερ τοῦ Ἰσραήλ. 16. ταύτην τὴν χάριν ἔλαβον παρὰ τοῦ Κυρίου. 17. μετὰ δὲ τρεῖς μῆνας οἱ ἄρχοντες εἰσῆλθον εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν νυκτός2.

1. We destroyed the images which we saw in the temple. 2. Peter went out of the door, and immediately the cock crew. 3. The master sent the labourers into his vineyard. 4. After three months we beheld the star in the heavens. 5. When the bridegroom came by night they took their lamps and went out to see him. 6. You were being roused by the trumpets. 7. We announced to you that he was the Saviour of the world. 8. Receive the grace of God. 9. The garments were being sent for the children by the widows. 10. The shepherds called their own sheep, and they came after them. 11. Unless we eat the flesh of the Son of man we shall have no life in ourselves. 12. Here will I dwell for ever, saith the Lord.

Lesson 22

Nouns with Stems Ending in a Vowel, etc. Neuter Nouns of the Third Declension.

(2) Nouns of the Third Declension with stems ending in a vowel.

These nouns have stems ending in ι, υ, or ευ.

Examples:

(ἡ) πόλις	(ὁ) ἱχθύς	(ὁ) βασιλεύς
a city	a fish	a king
Stem	πολι	ἰχθυ	βασιλευ
Singular
Nom.	πόλις	ἰχθύς	βασιλεύς
Voc.	πόλι	ἰχθύ	βασιλεῦ
Acc.	πόλιν	ἰχθύν	βασιλέα
Gen.	πόλεως	ἰχθυος	βασιλέως
Dat.	πόλει	ἰχθύι	βασιλεῖ
Plural
Nom.	πόλεις	ἰχθύες	βασιλεῖς
Voc.	πόλεις	ἰχθύες	βασιλεῖς
Acc.	πόλεις	ἰχθῦς	βασιλεῖς, βασιλέας
Gen.	πόλεων	ἰχθύων	βασιλέων
Dat.	πόλεσι	ἰχθύσι	βασιλεῦσι

The nouns of this class which occur most frequently in the N.T. are given in the vocabularies.

Neuter nouns of the 3rd declension are declined as follows:

	Singular		Plural
Nom. Voc. Acc.	γράμμα	a letter	γράμματα
Gen.	γράμματος		γραμμάτων
Dat.	γράμματι		γράμμασι

Notice that as in the case of neuter nouns of the 2nd declension the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative cases have the same endings, and the Nominative, Vocative, and Accusative Plural end in α.

Decline like γράμμα the words given in the vocabulary, and also πῦρ, πυρός, fire; τέρας, τέρατος, a wonder; φῶς, φωτός, light; which are all neuter.

Neuter Nouns with Stems Ending in ες

The final ς of the stem appears only in the Nominative singular, and there the ες is changed to ος.

In the other cases ς is dropped and the two vowels thus brought together are contracted.

Example: Stem γενες with Genitive ending added becomes γενεσος, when the ς is omitted it becomes γενεος, and this is contracted to γένους. The same takes place in the other cases.

	Singular		Plural
Nom. Voc. Acc.	γένος	a race	γένη
Gen.	γένους		γενέων or γενῶν
Dat.	γένει		γένεσι

The nouns of this class which occur most frequently in the N.T. are given in the vocabularies. They must be carefully distinguished from nouns of 2nd declension ending in ος which are nearly all masculine.

Irregular nouns of the Third Declension

The declension of the following nouns should be noted: they are contracted in the Dat. and Gen. Sing. and have the Voc. Sing. the same as the stem.

πατήρ ὁ	father,	θυγάτηρ ἡ	daughter
	μήτηρ ἡ	mother

They are declined as follows:

	Singular	Plural
Nom.	πατήρ	πατέρες
Voc.	πάτερ	πατέρες
Acc.	πατέρα	πατέρας
Gen.	πατρός	πατέρων
Dat.	πατρί	πατράσι

The following is the declension of ἀνήρ, a man.

	Singular	Plural
Nom.	ἀνήρ	ἄνδρες
Voc.	ἄνερ	ἄνδρες
Acc.	ἄνδρα	ἄνδρας
Gen.	ἀνδρός	ἀνδρῶν
Dat.	ἀνδρί	ἀνδράσι

The following nouns should also be specially noticed:

Nominative		Genitive Sing.	Dative Pl.
γόνυ	a knee		γόνατος	τό	γόνασι
γυνή	a woman	Voc. γύναι	γυναικός	ἡ	γυναιξί
θρίξ	a hair		τριχός	ἡ	θριξί
κύων	a dog		κύνος	ὁ	κύσι
οὖς	an ear		ὠτός	τό	ὠσί
πούς	a foot		ποδός	ὁ	ποσί́
ὕδωρ	water		ὕδατος	τό	ὕδασι
χείρ	a hand		χειρός	ἡ	χερσί

Exercise 22

Link to Answers

Learn Vocabulary 17.

1. ἦλθεν ὁ Ἰωάνης εἰς τὸν Ἰορδάνην ποταμὸν καὶ ἐκήρυσσε τὸ βάπτισμα μετανοίας εἰς ἄφεσιν ἀμαρτιῶν. 2. ἴδετε πηλίκοις1 γράμμασι ὑμῖν ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί. 3. εἶπεν ὅτι οὔκ ἐστιν αὐτὸς τὸ φῶς, ἀλλ᾽ ἔρχεται μαρτυρῆσαι περὶ τοῦ φῶτος. 4. οἱ ἐχθροὶ ἔφθειραν τὰς πόλεις ἡμῶν πυρί. 5. μὴ ποιεῖτε τὸν οἶκον τοῦ πατρός μου οἶκον ἐμπορίου2. 6. ζητεῖ ὑπὸ τῆς μητρὸς καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν σου. 7. οὐ δεῖ λαβεῖν τὸν ἄρτον τῶν παίδων καὶ βαλεῖν αὐτὸν τοῖς κύσι. 8. οἱ ἄνδρες περιεπάτουν τοὺς ἀγροὺς σὺν ταῖς γυναιξὶν αὐτῶν. 9. ἐκέλευσα τοὺς ἄνδρας ἑτοιμάζειν τὴν ὁδὸν τῷ βασιλεῖ. 10. ἐγὼ μὲν βαπτίζω ὑμᾶς ὕδατι, ἐκεῖνος δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ καὶ πυρί. 11. ἔχομεν γὰρ τὴν ἄφεσιν τῶν ἀμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν διὰ τοῦ αἵματος αὐτοῦ. 12. ποιήσει σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα τῷ γένει τούτῳ. 13. οἱ παῖδες ἔλαβον τὸν ἰχθὺν ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος. 14. ἀνοίζει τὰ ὦτα τῶν κωφῶν. 15. καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἦλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐθαύμαζον ὅτι μετὰ γυναικὸς ἐλάλει. 16. ἔγραψα πάντα ταῦτα τῇ χειρὶ τῆς θυγατρός μου. 17. ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐκ ἦλθον ποιῆσαι τὸ θέλημά μου, ἀλλὰ τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρὸς ὃς ἀπέστειλέ με. 18. οἱ γραμματεῖς εἶπον ὅτι εἶδον τὴν θυγατέρα τοῦ βασιλέως.

1. This man did signs and wonders in the city. 2. Behold my hands and my feet. 3. Ye are the light of the world. 4. The woman was wiping (ἐξέμασσε) the feet of Jesus with her hair. 5. Our fathers did eat the manna (τὸ μάννα) in the wilderness. 6. He touched1 the ear of the deaf man with his hand. 7. The king sent this woman to bring her father from the city. 8. He was seeking his mother and his daughter. 9. The Holy Spirit shall remain with them for ever. 10. Thou sayest that thou knowest the will of God. 11. The dogs ate the fish which I took out of the water. 12. In that year my father went through your city. 13. The scribes would not receive baptism for2 the remission of their sins. 14. I read the letters which he wrote by the hand of his wife. 15. Your cities are destroyed with fire. 16. We bowed (ἐκάμψαμεν) our knees to the king. 17. O woman, depart in peace, for I will heal thy daughter.

Lesson 23

Adjectives of the Third Declension, Irregular Adjectives

Adjectives of the third declension have only two terminations, because the feminine is the same as the masculine.

The two principal forms of these adjectives are declined as follows:

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1. See the “Elementary Classics” series published by Macmillan.

1. The Iota Subscript is always written under the ω of the Dative Singular of the second declension: it is not sounded.

1. A Finite verb is a verb in any mood but the Infinitive.

1. When Κύριος is written with a capital letter it means “The Lord”; it sometimes has the definite article and sometimes not. It is the word used in the Greek Version of the Old Testament to denote the sacred name Jehovah.

2. Θεός generally has the definite article in Greek, but not in English.

2. Θεός generally has the definite article in Greek, but not in English.

1. Abstract nouns generally have a definite article before them in Greek and so have also words like ἄνθρωπος which denote a whole class. This article is not translated into English. For the article before θεός, see p. 14.

1. Abstract nouns generally have a definite article before them in Greek and so have also words like ἄνθρωπος which denote a whole class. This article is not translated into English. For the article before θεός, see p. 14.

1. Abstract nouns generally have a definite article before them in Greek and so have also words like ἄνθρωπος which denote a whole class. This article is not translated into English. For the article before θεός, see p. 14.

1. Abstract nouns generally have a definite article before them in Greek and so have also words like ἄνθρωπος which denote a whole class. This article is not translated into English. For the article before θεός, see p. 14.

1. See the rule on p. 17.

1. See the rule on p. 17.

1. See the rule on p. 17.

1. Except in the Optative Mood.

1. Except in the Optative Mood.

1. If the accent falls on the last syllable but one of any word in which the last syllable but one is long, and the last syllable short, the accent is always circumflex.

2. The accent never goes back beyond the augment.

1. If a noun is followed by a genitive of αὐτός in the sense of “his, her,” or “its,” it generally has an article.

1. If a noun is followed by a genitive of αὐτός in the sense of “his, her,” or “its,” it generally has an article.

1. The latter part of this rule is not strictly observed in the N.T. The Agent may be expressed by ἀπό or διά followed by a Genitive case in the N.T.

1. ὑμᾶς.

2. τοῦ πέμψαντος αὐτούς.

1. Syntax 159.

1. Dat. case.

1. This form is irregular, it has two augments.

2. καλέω and its compounds do not lengthen the ε before the endings of the Future and 1st Aorist like other verbs in εω.

2. καλέω and its compounds do not lengthen the ε before the endings of the Future and 1st Aorist like other verbs in εω.

3. Notice the peculiar form of the Future and 1st Aorist of θέλω.

3. Notice the peculiar form of the Future and 1st Aorist of θέλω.

1. ἄρατε is an Aorist Imperative. Its form will be explained in the next lesson but one.

1. πιστεύω is often followed by a Dative.

2. This verb is not contracted.

1. N.B. ὅτι also means “because,” as has been already mentioned.

1. Accusative case.

2. See Vocabulary 30.

1. Proper nouns in Greek are often preceded by the article; this article must not be translated into English.

1. Proper nouns in Greek are often preceded by the article; this article must not be translated into English.

2. παρὰ τῷ θεῷ etc. “near God”; translate “with God,” or “to God.”

1. Use παρά with the dat. for “at the house of.”

1. Note that the Acc. Sing. of χάρις is χάριν.

2. νυκτός “by night,” the Genitive case is used in Greek to express the time within which anything is done.

3. εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα “until the age,” a Hebrew expression generally translated “for ever.”

4. εἰ μή “unless,” or “except.”

5. ἀκούω is sometimes followed by a Genitive.

2. νυκτός “by night,” the Genitive case is used in Greek to express the time within which anything is done.

1. πηλίκος “how large.”

2. ἐμπόριον “merchandise.”

1. ἥψατο.

2. “for” εἰς.

1. πόσον “how great.”

2. Understand ἐστί.

2. Understand ἐστί.

3. ὅτι “because.”

4. ἤ “than”; distinguish carefully from ἡ and ἥ.

1. πολλὰ ἔτη “for many years”: the Accusative case is used to express duration of time, see author’s Syntax of N.T. Greek, 18.

2. ὅτι must not be translated, it is often used to introduce the exact words of a speaker, like our inverted commas, Syntax 158.

3. ζιζάνια “tares.”

4. ἐν ἀτιμίᾳ “in dishonour.”

5. Syntax 11.

6. See note 2 on the Greek exercise.

7. “foolish,” plural, Syntax 11.

1. For these forms see lesson 28.

1. For these forms see lesson 28.

2. See appendix on English Grammar.

2. See appendix on English Grammar.

2. See appendix on English Grammar.

1. See Lesson 28.

2. See Lesson 36.

1. δυσχόλως “with difficulty, hardly.”

2. κολλᾶσθαι “to join himself,” see Lesson 28.

3. ἐξέψυξεν “gave up the ghost,” from ἐκψύχω.

4. ἐπί́ “upon.”

5. σπαράξαν 1st Aor. part. from σπαράσσω.

1. μακάριος.

2. Days and nights, use Acc. case, Syntax 18.

1. τὰ πετρώδη “the rocky ground.”

2. λήμψεσθε, future deponent from λαμβάνω.

3. ὁμοθυμαδόν “with one accord.”

4. ὄψονται, a deponent future given as the future of ὁράω.

5. ψευδομαρτυρίαν “false witness.”

6. ὡσεὶ περιστεράν “like a dove.”

7. ἐσίγησαν “they became silent.”

8. ἐσπλαγχνίσθη “he was moved with compassion.”

9. ὥρμησεν “rushed.”

10. ἡ ἀγέλη “the herd.”

11. τοῦ κρημνοῦ “the cliff.”

12. τὸ εἰωθὸς αὐτῷ “his custom.”

13. χαλάσω “I will let down.”

14. ἀγωνίζεσθε “strive.”

1. ἔδωκεν.

2. εὐλογημένος.

3. κατέβη.

1. τῇ δὲ ἐπαύριον “And on the next day,” ἐπαύριον is an adverb meaning “to-morrow,” τῇ agrees with ἡμέρᾳ understood.

2. τὸ δῶμα “the house top.”

3. ἀγράμματοι καὶ ἱδιῶται “unlettered and ignorant.”

4. ἀπήγξατο middle aorist from ἀπάγχω “I hang.”

5. ἀνάδειξον “show.”

6. ἡ βασίλισσα νότου “the queen of the south.”

7. ἐκ τῶν περάτων “from the furthest parts.”

8. ἐπίβλημα, τὸ, “a thing put on, a patch.”

9. ῥάκους ἀγνάφου “of undressed cloth.”

1. τὸ πλήρωμα αὐτοῦ “that which fills it up.”

2. ξ̓φ᾽ ὅσον “inasmuch as.”

3. ἐνί dat. from εἷς “one.”

4. μεριμνᾶτε “do ye take anxious thought,” see the next lesson.

5. γεννητοῖς “the offspring.”

6. πειθαρχεῖν “to obey,” followed by a Dative.

7. ὑπέρ followed by a Genitive.

8. ὅτι.

1. ἤμελλεν a past tense with a double augment from μέλλω.

2. “Under” ὑπό followed by an Accusative.

3. “Mighty” κραταιός.

1. πυλών, ῶνος, ὁ “a door.”

2. ἀντίχριστος, ου, ὁ “Antichrist.”

3. κατήργηκα perf. from καταργέω “I bring to nought, I put away.”

4. τὰ τοῦ νηπίου “childish things.”

5. ἀνθρώπινος “proper to a man, such as a man can bear.”

1. “At the hands” διά foll. by Gen.

2. “Are cast,” use the perfect pass.

3. πλούσιος.

4. στέφανος.

1. ἀλλαχοῦ “elsewhere.”

2. ἐχομένας κωμοπόλεις “the next villages.”

3. καμμύω “I close.”

4. δήσῃς from δέω.

5. ἆρα, then, in questions denoting surprise.

6. ἴσθι, imperative ind. sing. from εἶναι “to be.”

7. ζύμη, -ης, ἡ “leaven.”

8. ἀλεύρου σάτα τρία “three measures of meal.”

9. ζυμόω “I leaven.”

1. “I abound” περισσεύω.

2. “end” τέλος -ους, τό.

3. τὸ ἀπολλύμενον.

1. πότερον “whether.”

2. μωρανθῇ “is corrupted.”

3. Use pres. part. of ἔρχομαι.

1. ὅραμα -ατος, τό.

2. Use genitive case.

1. See Exercise 36.

1. ὁλοκαύτωμα, -ατος, τό “a whole burnt offering.”

2. ψυγήσεται, fut. pass. from ψύχω “shall grow cold.”

3. τὸ θεῖον “the divine Being.”

4. τεθνηκέναι perf. inf. act. from θνήσκω “I die.”

5. ἐν τάχει “quickly.”

6. ἀναιρεῖν “to slay.”

1. μηκέτι.

1. ἐπὶ τράπεζαν = “to the bank.”

2. φόρος -ου, ὁ, “tribute.”

3. διψάω.

4. “I am hungry,” πεινάω.

5. ἀπολέσῃ.

1. μόδιος -ου, ὁ, “a measure.”

2. λυχνία -ας, ἡ̔, “a lamp-stand.”

3. ἐναγκαλίζω “I take in my arms.”

4. οἴδαμεν “we know.”

1. ὡσεὶ λίθου βολὴν “about a stone’s cast.”

2. ἄρτι “now, at this moment.”

3. κάθου “sit down.”

4. ὑποπόδιον -ον, τό, “a footstool.”

1. Note that the 3rd pl. of the 1st and 2nd Aorists of ἵστημι are the same in form. Their meaning must be inferred from the context. Examples are given in the last three sentences of exercise B. The verb in sentence 12 is 2nd Aor. and that in sentence 13 1st Aor.

1. πτερύγιον -ου, τό, “pinnacle.”

2. μακρόθεν “afar off.”

3. ἀπογραφή -ῆς, ἡ, “enrolment.”

4. μεριστής -ου, ὁ, “a divider.”

5. ῥητῶς “expressly.”

6. ἐνετείλατο, 3rd sing. 1st Aor. Mid. from ἐντέλλω.

1. σορός -ου, ἡ, “a bier.”

2. “for the sake of” ἕνεκα followed by a Genitive.

3. Φῆστος.

4. “has risen” 2 Aor. ἀνίστημι.

5. “without” ἔξω.

6. “wrath” ὀργή -ῆς, ἡ.

1. “on” εἰς.

2. “unless” εἰ μή.

1. διαπορευομένου “passing by.”

2. δῴη from δίδωμι.

3. θυμίαμα, -ατος, τό, “incense.”

4. γωνία -ας, ἡ, “a corner.”

5. βῆμα -ατος, τό, “a judgement seat.”

6. συζητέω.

7. ἀνομία.

8. ἀπόλλοιντο.

1. Ἰησοῦς is declined as follows: Nom. Ἰησοῦς, Voc. Ἰησοῦ, Acc. Ἰησοῦν, Gen. Ἰησοῦ, Dat. Ἰησοῦ. It often has the article before it: this article must not be translated in English.

1. This is a compound word and is augmented like a verb compounded with a preposition. 1 Aor. Mid. εὐηγγελισάμην.

1. Imperfect ἤθελον.

1. Although not really compounded with a preposition this verb generally has the form διηκόνουν in the Imperfect.

1. See pages 177, 178.

1. See pages 177, 178.

1. (But as a rough rule it may be said that the Imperfect expresses an unfulfilled condition in present time, and the Aorist expresses an unfulfilled condition in past time.)

1. See page 184.

ἀληθής