Model basis states for photons and "empty waves"
- Malcolm H. Mac Gregor
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Abstract
From the perspective of physical realism (PR), a photon is a localized entity that carries energy and momentum, and which is surrounded by a wave packet (anempty wave) that is devoid of observable energy or momentum. In creating quantized PR basis states for a photon wave packet, three requirements must be met:(1) The basis states must each carry the frequency of the wave;(2) They must closely resemble the photon, so that e.g. they scatter in the same manner from an optical mirror;(3) They must have infinitesimal energy, linear momentum, and angular momentum. An essentially zero-energy "empty wave" quantum-a "zeron"-is defined which meets these requirements. It is created as an asymmetric single-particle (or single-antiparticle) excitation of the vacuum state, with the "particle" (or "antiparticle") and its associated "hole" (or "antihole") forming a rotational bound state. The photon is reproduced as a symmetric particle-antiparticle excitation of the vacuum state, with the "particle" and "antiparticle" also forming a rotational bound state. The relativistic transformation problem is discussed. A key point in this development is the deduction of the correct equation of motion for a "hole" state in an external electrostatic field.
- F. Selleri,Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1990).
- Ibid.,. p. 358.
- Ibid.,. p. 91.
- M. H. Mac Gregor,The Enigmatic Electron (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 1992), p. 91.
- Ibid.,. Chap. 14.
- Ibid.,. Chap. 5.
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- Ref. 7,, p. 93.
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- In the case of the wave packet that accompanies a moving electron, which we also assume is composed of zerons, it can be shown from the equations of perturbative special relativity [M. H. Mac Gregor,Lett. Nuovo Cim. 44, 697 (1985);Found. Phys. Lett. 1, 25 (1988)] that the zeron mass must be very small but non-zero.
- T. H. Boyer, "The classical vacuum,"Sci. Am. 251, (8), 70 (1985).
- We can draw a rough analogy between the propagation of hole statesH, which occurs via the successive filling in of the hole by its neighbors along the direction of motion, and the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a medium, which is pictured as occurring via the successive absorption and repropagation of photons by the molecules in the medium (see F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White,Fundamentals of Optics (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976), pp. 703–704).
- R. H Stuewer, Ref. 17,, p. 332, quotes Albert Einstein as follows: "All the fifty years of conscious brooding have brought me no closer to the answer to the question, ‘What are light quanta?’ Of course today every rascal thinks he knows the answer, but he is deluding himself."
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- A contrary viewpoint is set forth by H. C. Ohanian in his bookPrinciples of Quantum Mechanics (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1990), p. 244, who asserts that the angular momentum is carried by the wave that accompanies the particle. This viewpoint seems untenable in experiments where a single photon passes through a double-slit type of experiment, with the accompanying wave packet being broken apart or "sieved" through a half-silvered mirror and later recombined.
- R. P. Feynman inThe Quantum Theory of Fields (Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Physics at the University of Brussels, October 1961) R. Stoops ed. (Interscience, New York, 1961), p. 84.
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- Ref. 16,. p. 908.
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- Also see W. Kundt,Zeit. Physik 163, 77 (1961). CrossRef
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- M. W. Evans, inWaves and Particles in Light and Matter, A. van der Merwe and A. Garuccio eds. (Plenum, New York, 1994).
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- Title
- Model basis states for photons and "empty waves"
- Journal
-
Foundations of Physics Letters
Volume 8, Issue 2 , pp 135-160
- Cover Date
- 1995-04-01
- DOI
- 10.1007/BF02187584
- Print ISSN
- 0894-9875
- Online ISSN
- 1572-9524
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
-
- photon model
- photon wave quanta
- empty waves
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
-
- 1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 94550, Livermore, California