habitus primorum principiorum speculativorum. the habit of the first speculative principles.	1 Definition 1. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Intellectus Understanding	cognitio rerum omnium per altissimas causas. knowledge of all things by the highest causes.
2 Definition 2. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Sapientia Wisdom	cognitio certa per causas. certain knowledge through causes.	3 Definition 3. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Scientia Science
recta ratio factibilium. the right reason of things to be made.	4 Definition 4. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Ars Art	recta ratio agibilium. the right reason of things to be done (operations).
5 Definition 5. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Prudentia Prudence	scientia de Deo ex Revelatione procedens. science of God proceeding from Revelation.	6 Definition 6. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Theologia Theology
scientia rerum omnium per causas altissimas, naturali ratione comparata. science of all things through the highest causes, obtained by natural reason.	7 Definition 7. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Philosophia Philosophy	scientia entis inquantum entis. science of being in so far as being.
8 Definition 8. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Metaphysica Metaphysics	pars metaphysicæ defensiva principiorum cognitionis humanæ. part of metaphysics which defends the principles of human knowledge.	9 Definition 9. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Criteriologia Criteriology
habitus primorum principiorum practicorum. habit of the first practical principles.	10 Definition 10. Habitus Intellectivi — Intellective Habits Synderesis Synderesis	Habere intentionaliter in se formam (sicut) alterius rei. to have intentionally in oneself a form as the form of another.
11 Definition 11. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Cognoscere To have knowledge	aliud fieri inquantum aliud. to become another insofar as other.	12 Definition 12. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Cognoscere To have knowledge
cognoscere rerum essentias. to know the essences of things.	13 Definition 13. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Intelligere To understand	cognoscere causam propter quam res est, quod huius causa est, et non potest aliter se habere. to grasp (a) the cause telling why the thing is, (b) the fact that it is the cause of it, and (c) that it cannot be otherwise (the thing cannot have another cause).
14 Definition 14. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Scire To know	cognoscere rerum materialium qualitates patibiles. to know the passible qualities of material things.	15 Definition 15. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Sentire To sense
adequatio rei et intellectus. conformity of thing and intellect.	16 Definition 16. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Veritas Truth	adequatio intellectus ad rem. conformity of intellect to thing.
17 Definition 17. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Veritas logica Logical truth	adequatio rei ad intellectum. conformity of thing to intellect.	18 Definition 18. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Veritas ontologica Ontological truth
actus quo mens in ens reale tendit. the act by which the mind tends to a real being.	19 Definition 19. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Intentio prima First intention	actus quo mens in ens rationis tendit. the act by which the mind tends to a being of reason.
20 Definition 20. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Intentio secunda Second intention	ipse actus mentis tendentis in aliquid. the act itself of the mind tending towards something.	21 Definition 21. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Intentio formalis Formal intention
obiectum in quo mens tendit. the object towards which the mind tends.	22 Definition 22. Actus Intellectivi in Generali — Intellective Actions in General Intentio objectiva Objective intention	operatio qua intellectus aliquam quidditatem intelligit, quin quidquam de ea affirmet. the operation by which the intellect understands some quiddity without affirming anything about it.
23 Definition 23. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Simplex apprehensio Simple apprehension	operatio intellectus agentis qua ex pluribus in re coniunctis unum sine altero considerat. this operation of the agent intellect which considers one thing without another out of several united in reality.	24 Definition 24. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Abstractio Abstraction
ens quod habet esse obiective in intellectu tantum. being which has objective being in the intellect alone.	25 Definition 25. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Ens rationis Being of reason	ens rationis quo non ens ad modum entis concipitur. being of reason by which non‑being is conceived as a being (Gredt 110; negation = genus of the being of reason).
26 Definition 26. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Negatio Negation	simplex intellectualis repræsentatio quidditatis alicuius rei. simple intellectual representation of the quiddity of something.	27 Definition 27. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Conceptus Concept
Propria ratio qua res menti innotescit. proper reason by which the thing is made known to the mind.	28 Definition 28. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Notio Notion	habitudo diversorum inter se vi cuius eodem nomine designantur. the mutual relation of diverse things by which they are designated by the same name.
29 Definition 29. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Analogia Analogy	habitudo unius vel plurium ad aliquod unum vi cuius nomen quod huic convenit in sensu proprio et stricto de illo vel illis dicitur. the relation of one or several things to some one thing by which the name applies properly and strictly to the latter is said also of the former(s).	30 Definition 30. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Analogia attributionis Analogy of attribution
æqualitas duarum proportionum inter se. the mutual equality of two proportions.	31 Definition 31. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Analogia proportionalitatis Analogy of proportion	elementa vel aspectus intelligibiles huius conceptus quos mens in eo discernit et qui ad eum pertinent necessarie. the intelligible elements or aspects of this concept which the mind discerns and which belong to it necessarily.
32 Definition 32. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Notæ conceptus The notes of a concept	vox significativa ad placitum. arbitrary vocal sign.	33 Definition 33. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Terminus (oralis) Term (oral)
unum aptum inesse pluribus. one apt to be inherent in many.	34 Definition 34. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Universale Universal	una natura in multis. one nature in many.
35 Definition 35. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Universale in essendo Universal in being	una natura de multis. one nature said of many.	36 Definition 36. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Universale in prædicando Universal as predicable
modus universalitatis quo unum pluribus inesse potest et de ipsis prædicari. the mode of universality by which one thing can be in many and be predicated of them.	37 Definition 37. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Prædicabile Predicable	universale respiciens inferiora specie distincta, IN QUID INCOMPLETE. the universal in regards to its inferiors specifically distinct with incomplete quiddity.
38 Definition 38. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Genus Genus	universale respiciens inferiora numero distincta, IN QUID COMPLETE. the universal in regards to its inferiors numerically distinct, with complete quiddity.	39 Definition 39. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Species Species
universale respiciens inferiora, IN QUALE QUID. the universal in regards to its inferiors, as qualifying the quiddity.	40 Definition 40. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Differentia specifica Specific difference	universale respiciens inferiora, in quale accidentaliter et necessarie. the universal in regards to its inferiors, as qualifying accidentally and necessarily.
41 Definition 41. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Proprium Proper	universale respiciens inferiora, in quale accidentaliter et contingenter. the universal in regards to its inferiors, as qualifying accidentally and contingently.	42 Definition 42. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Accidens Accident
termini pro re aliqua significanda usurpatio. the use of the term to signify something.	43 Definition 43. Prima Operatio Intellectus — First Operation of the Intellect Suppositio Supposition	actus intellectus quo componit vel dividit affirmando vel negando. the act of the intellect which composes or divides by affirming or denying.
44 Definition 44. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Iudicium Judgment	actus quo intellectus inhæret iudicio formato. the act by which the intellect adheres to a given judgment.	45 Definition 45. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Assensus Assent
sequentia terminorum. sequence of terms.	46 Definition 46. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Oratio Oration (phrase)	oratio quæ aliquid de aliquo affirmat vel negat. a phrase which affirms or denies something about something.
47 Definition 47. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Propositio Proposition	oratio rem vel nomen per suas partes distribuens. a sentence which separates a thing or a noun into different parts.	48 Definition 48. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Divisio Division
oratio naturam rei aut termini significationem exponens. the sequence which exposes the nature of a thing or the signification of a term.	49 Definition 49. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Definitio Definition	propositio per se nota omnibus. a proposition known to all necessarily (per se).
50 Definition 50. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Primum principium First principle	iudicium rationis practicæ circa moralitatem actionum. the judgment of the practical reason concerning the morality of the acts.	51 Definition 51. Secunda Operatio Intellectus — Second Operation of the Intellect Conscientia moralis Moral conscience
actus mentis quo convenientia vel repuqnantia duarum idearum infertur ex proportione quam habent cum una tertia notione. the act of the mind by which the convenience or disconvenience of two ideas is inferred by the proportion (conformity / difformity) which they have to a third notion.	52 Definition 52. Tertia Operatio Intellectus — Third Operations of the Intellect Ratiocinium Reasoning	oratio significans sequelam unius ex alio. a phrase which signifies the passage of one thing from another.
53 Definition 53. Tertia Operatio Intellectus — Third Operations of the Intellect Argumentum Argument	ratiocinium quo, duabus propositionibus positis, alia infertur necessarie ex ipsa positione antecedentium. reasoning by which, out of two proportions, another is necessarily inferred from the affirmation of the premises.	54 Definition 54. Tertia Operatio Intellectus — Third Operations of the Intellect Syllogismus Syllogism
a singularibus sufficienter enumeratis, ad universale progressio. progression towards a universal statement from singulars sufficiently enumerated.	55 Definition 55. Tertia Operatio Intellectus — Third Operations of the Intellect Inductio Induction	syllogismus faciens scire. a syllogism which makes something known.
56 Definition 56. Tertia Operatio Intellectus — Third Operations of the Intellect Demonstratio Demonstration	syllogismus constans ex veris, primis, immediatis, prioribus, notioribus causisque conclusionis. a syllogism based on the true, first, immediate, proper and more known causes of the conclusion.	57 Definition 57. Tertia Operatio Intellectus — Third Operations of the Intellect Demonstratio Demonstration
universalis modus entis inquantum entis. a universal mode of being insofar as being.	58 Definition 58. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Transcendentale Transcendental	id cuius actus est esse. that whose act is to be.
59 Definition 59. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Ens Being	id quod habet esse. that which has being.	60 Definition 60. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Ens Being
id quod exercet actum essendi. that which exercises the act of being.	61 Definition 61. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Ens Being	synonymum entis dicens potius eius essentiam. a synonym of being saying rather its essence.
62 Definition 62. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Res Thing	ens indivisum. undivided being.	63 Definition 63. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Unum One
ens divisum ab aliis et a non ente. being divided from others and non‑being.	64 Definition 64. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Aliquid Something	ens relate ad intellectum. being in relation to the intellect.
65 Definition 65. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Verum True	ens relate ad appetitum. being in relation to the will.	66 Definition 66. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Bonum Good
id quod apprehensum placet. what pleases when apprehended.	67 Definition 67. Transcendentalia — Transcendentals Pulchrum Beautiful	id quo ens est, vel exsistit. that by which the being is, or exists.
68 Definition 68. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Esse To be	poni extra causas et extra nihil. to be placed outside of its causes and out of nothing.	69 Definition 69. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Exsistere To exist
ex componentibus componi. to be composed out of components.	70 Definition 70. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Consistere To consist	entitas perficiens et determinans rem in suo ordine. an entity which perfects and determines a thing according to its nature.
71 Definition 71. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Actus Act	(late) actualitas quæcumque. (broad sense) any act/entity	72 Definition 72. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Perfectio Perfection
(stricte) plenitudo entis cui nullus deficit actus ad eius plenam actualitatem requisitus. (strict sense) the plenitude of a being which is lacking no act necessary to its full actuation.	73 Definition 73. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Perfectio Perfection	entitas imperfecta capax perfectionis. imperfect entity capable of perfection.
74 Definition 74. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Potentia Potency	carentia perfectionis in subiecto apto. lack of perfection in a disposed subject.	75 Definition 75. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Privatio Privation
privatio boni debiti. privation of a due good.	76 Definition 76. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Malum Evil	elevabilitas naturæ ad actum excedentem omnes naturales vires. the elevability of nature to an act exceeding all its natural powers.
77 Definition 77. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Potentia obedientialis Obediential potency	actus entis in potentia quatenus in potentia. the act of a being in potency insofar as it is in potency.	78 Definition 78. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Motus Movement
id quod non potest non esse. that which cannot not be.	79 Definition 79. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Necessarium Necessary	id quod potest non esse. that which can be not.
80 Definition 80. Actus – Potentia — Act ‑ Potency Contingens Contingent	genus supremum entis. the supreme genus of being.	81 Definition 81. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Prædicamentum Predicament
id cui competit esse in se et non in alia sicut in subiecto. that to which it belongs to be in itself and not in another as in a subject.	82 Definition 82. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Substantia Substance	esse in se et non in alio sicut in subiecto. to be in itself and not in another as in a subject.
83 Definition 83. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Subsistere To subsist	indivisum in se et divisum a quolibet alio. a thing undivided in itself and divided from everything else.	84 Definition 84. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Individuum Individual
substantia individua completa in ratione speciei. an individuated substance complete in its species.	85 Definition 85. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Suppositum Supposit	modus naturalis positivus terminans naturam in linea essentiæ. a positive and natural mode terminating the nature in the line of essence.
86 Definition 86. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Subsistentia Subsistence	suppositum naturæ rationalis. the supposit of a rational nature.	87 Definition 87. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Persona Person
subsistentia personæ. the subsistence of a person.	88 Definition 88. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Personalitas Personality	id ex quo aliquid fit. that out of which something becomes.
89 Definition 89. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Materia Matter	subiectum primum ex quo, cum insit, fit aliquid et non per accidens. the first subject out of which, something while in it, becomes but not by accident.	90 Definition 90. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Materia prima Prime matter
elementum determinativum cuiuscumque essentiæ. the determinative element of every essence.	91 Definition 91. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Forma Form	id quo ens est id quod est. that by which a being is what it is.
92 Definition 92. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Essentia Essence	principium et causa motus et quietis eius in quo est per se et non secundum accidens. the principle and cause of motion and rest of a thing in which it is necessarily and not accidentally.	93 Definition 93. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Natura Nature
forma determinans complete essentiam rei. the form determining completely the essence of a thing.	94 Definition 94. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Species Species	synonymum essentiæ, quo respondetur quæstioni super rem "quid est ?' a synonym of essences by which one answers the question about a thing, "what is it?"
95 Definition 95. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Quidditas Quiddity	actus primus corporis in potentia viventis. the first act of a body living in potency.	96 Definition 96. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Anima Soul
sui‑motio. self motion.	97 Definition 97. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Vita Life	id cui competit esse in alio et non in se sicut in subiecto inhæsionis. that to which it belongs to be in another an not in itself as in a subject.
98 Definition 98. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Accidens Accident	accidens determinativum seu modificativum substantiæ in seipsa. accident determining or modifying the substance in itself.	99 Definition 99. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Qualitas Quality
qualitas stabilis disponens subiectum ad bene vel male esse sive operari. stable quality disposing the subject to be or act well or bad.	100 Definition 100. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Habitus Habit	qualitas facile mobilis disponens subiectum ad bene vel male esse sive operari. quality easily mobile disposing the subject to be or act well or bad.
101 Definition 101. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Dispositio Disposition	principium proximum agendi simpliciter et absolute. proximate principle of acting simply and absolutely.	102 Definition 102. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Potentia (operativa) Operative potency
accidens diu permanens sensibilem alterationem causans vel ab alteratione sensibili causatum. a lasting accident causing a sensible alteration or caused by a sensible alteration.	103 Definition 103. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Patibilis qualitas Passible quality	qualitas seu modus in corpore ex terminatione quantitatis. quality or mode in the body produced by the completion of quantity.
104 Definition 104. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Forma vel Figura Form/figure	potentia cognoscitiva essentiarum rerum. the power of knowing the essences of things.	105 Definition 105. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Intellectus Intellect
inclinatio sequens formam. the inclination seeking/following a form.	106 Definition 106. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Appetitus Appetite	appetitus intellectivus. intellective appetite.
107 Definition 107. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Voluntas Will	bonum perfectum intellectualis naturæ. perfect good of the intellective nature.	108 Definition 108. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Beatitudo Beatitude
accidens extensivum substantiæ in partes. the accident which extends the substance into different parts.	109 Definition 109. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Quantitas Quantity	accidens cuius totum inesse est ad aliud se habere. the accident whose whole being is to be ordered to another.
110 Definition 110. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Relatio Relation	motus potentiæ operativæ ut a potentia procedens. the movement of the operative power insofar as it proceeds from the power.	111 Definition 111. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Actio Action
accidens per quod subiectum constituitur actu recipiens effectum ab agente. the accident by which the subject becomes the receiver in act of the effect of the agent.	112 Definition 112. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Passio Passion	id ratione cuius res in loco constituitur. that by which a thing is constituted in a place.
113 Definition 113. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Ubi Where	corporis ambientis terminus primus immobilis. first immobile extremity of the surface of a body.	114 Definition 114. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Locus Place
(a) accidens disponens rem locatam in ordine ad locum, seu (b) ordo partium in loco. accident disposing the thing localized in relation to the place; the order of the parts in the place.	115 Definition 115. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Situs Position	accidens in re durante, ex adiacentione temporis a quo rei illius duratio mensuratus est. accident of a thing which has some duration, which is measured by addition of time.
116 Definition 116. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Quando When	numerus motus secundum prius et posterius. measure of the movement according to before and after.	117 Definition 117. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Tempus Time
illa affectio quæ in subiecto ex vestimento resultat. that particular addition to the subject which results from a garment.	118 Definition 118. Prædicamenta — Predicaments Habitus Habit	ordo unius ad aliud. the order of one thing to another.
119 Definition 119. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Relatio Relation	ordo entis absoluti per se ordinati. the order of an absolute being ordered necessarily (per se).	120 Definition 120. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Relatio transcendentalis Transcendental relation
id quod præter speciem quam ingerit sensibus facit aliquid aliud in cognitionem devenire. that which, besides the species produced in the senses, reveals the knowledge of something else.	121 Definition 121. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Signum Sign	id a quo aliquid procedit quocumque modo. that from which something proceeds in any way.
122 Definition 122. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Principium Principle	omne quod influit esse rei. whatever influences the being of a thing.	123 Definition 123. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Causa Cause
id quod actione sua rem producit in esse. that which by its action produces the thing in existence.	124 Definition 124. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Causa efficiens Efficient cause	id propter quod aliquid fit. that for the sake of which something becomes.
125 Definition 125. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Causa finalis Final cause	ea quorum unum non est aliud. those things, one of which is not the other.	126 Definition 126. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Distincta Distinct things
ea quæ nullam convenientiam habent, et seipsis differunt. those things which have nothing in common, and differ among themselves.	127 Definition 127. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Diversa Diverse things	ea quæ aliquam convenientiam habent et per aliquid superadditum differunt. those things which have something in common, and differ by some addition.
128 Definition 128. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Differentia Different things	habitudo plurium inter se vi cuius eidem sub eodem aspectu simul convenire nequeunt. relation between several things by which they cannot agree in the same thing under the same aspect simultaneously.	129 Definition 129. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Oppositio Opposition
oppositio inter rem eiusque negationem. the opposition between a thing and its negation.	130 Definition 130. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Oppositio contradictoria Contradictory opposition	oppositio inter rem eiusque privationem. the opposition between a thing and its privation.
131 Definition 131. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Oppositio privativa Privative opposition	oppositio inter ea quæ in eodem genere maxime distant. the opposition between those things which are most distant in the same genus.	132 Definition 132. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Oppositio contraria Contrary opposition
oppositio inter ea quæ ordinem sive respectum ad invicem dicunt. the opposition between those thing which are ordained or have respect to each other.	133 Definition 133. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Oppositio relativa Relative opposition	interminabilis vitæ tota simul et perfecta possessio. wholesome, simultaneous, and perfect possession of the interminable life.
134 Definition 134. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Æternitas Eternity	productio ex nihilo et subjecti production from nothing of its own or of the subjects.	135 Definition 135. Relationes – Comparationes — Relations ‑ Comparisons Creatio Creation
Impossibile est idem secundem idem simul esse et non esse (principle of non‑contradiction). It is impossible that the same thing be and not be at the same time and in the same respect.	136 Axiom 1.1 Logica — Logic	Omnis comparatio claudicat nisi in puncto comparationis. Each comparison limps except in the point of comparison.
137 Axiom 1.2 Logica — Logic	Contra factum non fit argumentum. Against a fact you can’t argue.	138 Axiom 1.3 Logica — Logic
Qui nimis probat nihil probat. He who proves too much, proves nothing.	139 Axiom 1.4 Logica — Logic	Cum negante principia nequit disputari. With someone denying the principles, don't dispute.
140 Axiom 1.5 Logica — Logic	Definitio declarat essentiam; verbum significat definitionem. The definition declares the essence, the word signifies the definition.	141 Axiom 1.6 Logica — Logic
Quad gratis affirmatur, gratis negatur. What is freely affirmed can be freely denied.	142 Axiom 1.7 Logica — Logic	Parvus error in principiis, magnus in conclusionibus. A small error in the principles is large in the conclusions.
143 Axiom 1.8 Logica — Logic	De singularibus non est scientia. There is no science of singulars.	144 Axiom 1.9 Logica — Logic
Ab esse ad posse valet illatio. The argument is valid only from being to the possibility of being	145 Axiom 1.10 Logica — Logic	Corruptio unius generatio alterius. Corruption of one thing is the generation of another thing.
146 Axiom 2.1 Cosmologia — Cosmology	Accidens non migrat de subjecto in subjectum. The accidents do not migrate from subject to subject.	147 Axiom 2.2 Cosmologia — Cosmology
Actiones sunt suppositorum (of the substance itself). The actions are of the supposit.	148 Axiom 2.3 Cosmologia — Cosmology	Individuum est incommunicabile (ineffabile). The individual is incommunicable (and therefore ineffable).
149 Axiom 2.4 Cosmologia — Cosmology	Natura abhorret a vacua. Nature abhors the void.	150 Axiom 2.5 Cosmologia — Cosmology
Natura nihil facit inane. [I:75:6], [III:9:4], [I:105:5] Nature does nothing in vain.	151 Axiom 2.6 Cosmologia — Cosmology	Actio in distans simpliciter repugnat. The action (act) at some distance is totally repugnant. (Act if far, from potency can't reduce it to act.)
152 Axiom 2.7 Cosmologia — Cosmology	Nihil violentum perpetuum. No violent state lasts forever.	153 Axiom 2.8 Cosmologia — Cosmology
Nihil in intellectu quod non prius in sensu. Nothing is in the intellect which is not first in the senses.	154 Axiom 3.1 Psychologia — Psychology	Omnem formam sequitur inclinatio (towards its perfection). An inclination follows every form.
155 Axiom 3.2 Psychologia — Psychology	Nihil appetitur nisi quod apprehenditur. Nothing is desired except what is apprehended.	156 Axiom 3.3 Psychologia — Psychology
Nihil volitum nisi præcognitum (ignoti nulla cupido). Nothing is desired unless it is pre‑known. The ignorant has no desire.	157 Axiom 3.4 Psychologia — Psychology	Intellectus est universalium; sensus est particularium. [I:75:6:ad3] The intellect is of universals, the senses are of particulars.
158 Axiom 3.5 Psychologia — Psychology	Quod potest cognoscere aliqua, oportet ut nihil eorum habeat in sua natura. [I:75:2] To be apt to know something, one must not have the form of it in its own nature.	159 Axiom 3.6 Psychologia — Psychology
Quidquid recipitur modo recipientis recipitur. [I:75:5] Whatever is received, is received in the mode of the receiver.	160 Axiom 3.7 Psychologia — Psychology	Intellectus in actu est intelligibile in actu [I:85:2:ad1] (cognitum et cognoscens sunt unum intentionalter). The intellect in act is the intelligible object in act.
161 Axiom 3.8 Psychologia — Psychology	Anima est quodammodo omnia. The soul is in a certain way all things.	162 Axiom 3.9 Psychologia — Psychology
Bonum est diffusivum sui. [I:27:5:ad2] Good is self diffusing.	163 Axiom 3.10 Psychologia — Psychology	Aliquid cognoscibile est inquantum est actu. [I:12:1] Something is knowable insofar as it is in act.
164 Axiom 3.11 Psychologia — Psychology	Abstrahentium non est mendacium. [I:85:1:ad1] Abstractors are not liars.	165 Axiom 3.12 Psychologia — Psychology
Voluntas se habet ad finem sicut intellectus ad prima principia. The end is to the will what the first principles are to the intellect.	166 Axiom 3.13 Psychologia — Psychology	Sicut principium in speculativis, ita finis in operativis. The end is to operative things what the principle is to the speculative ones.
167 Axiom 3.14 Psychologia — Psychology	Cognitum est proprie in cognoscente, amans in amato. [I:82:3; II.II:23:6:ad1] The object known is properly in the knower, the lover in the object loved.	168 Axiom 3.15 Psychologia — Psychology
Intellectus in principio est sicut tabula rasa. [I:79:2] The intellect at the beginning is like a blank slate (or a newly formatted floppy disk).	169 Axiom 3.16 Psychologia — Psychology	Agere sequitur esse. [I:75:2‑5] "To act” follows "to be." Action follows (and manifests) the being of something.
170 Axiom 4.1 Metaphysica: Actus‑potentia — Metaphysics: Act-Potency	Tertium non datur (Non est medium inter esse et non esse ‑ foundation of all distinctions). There is no third way, there can be no middle between being and non­being.	171 Axiom 4.2 Metaphysica: Actus‑potentia — Metaphysics: Act-Potency
Potentia dicitur ad actum et specificatur ab objecto. The potency is ordained to its act and is specified by its object.	172 Axiom 4.3 Metaphysica: Actus‑potentia — Metaphysics: Act-Potency	Quod est in potentia non reducitur ad actum nisi per ens actu. What is in potency, is not reduced to act except by a being already in act.
173 Axiom 4.4 Metaphysica: Actus‑potentia — Metaphysics: Act-Potency	Est de natura actus communicare se inquantum potest. [I:27:1] It is of the nature of act to communicate itself insofar as it is able.	174 Axiom 4.5 Metaphysica: Actus‑potentia — Metaphysics: Act-Potency
Quantum distat potentia ab actu, tantum potentior debet esse agens. [I:45:5:ad2; II.II:141:7:ad1] The more distant a potency is from act, the more powerful an agent must be to actuate it.	175 Axiom 4.6 Metaphysica: Actus‑potentia — Metaphysics: Act-Potency	Forma dat esse. Through the form the existence comes to a thing (Form gives being).
176 Axiom 5.1 Metaphysica: Essentia-existentia — Metaphysics: Essence-Existence	Omne agens agit per formam. Each agent acts through its form.	177 Axiom 5.2 Metaphysica: Essentia-existentia — Metaphysics: Essence-Existence
Omne agens agit sibi simile. Each agent produces an effect similar.	178 Axiom 5.3 Metaphysica: Essentia-existentia — Metaphysics: Essence-Existence	Nulla substantia creata est per se operans (substances need accidents to act). [I:79:1; I:54:1‑2; I:77:1] No created substance is operating per se (by itself).
179 Axiom 5.4 Metaphysica: Essentia-existentia — Metaphysics: Essence-Existence	Quod est per accidens accidit ei quod est per se. [I:116; I:44:2] What is "per accidens" is accidental to that which is “per se." (i.e. accidental presupposes essential, see [6.19]).	180 Axiom 5.5 Metaphysica: Essentia-existentia — Metaphysics: Essence-Existence
Omne quod movetur ab alia movetur. [I:2:3:ad1] Whatever is moved is moved by another.	181 Axiom 6.1 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Ex nihilo, nihil. [I:44:1‑2] Nothing comes from nothing.
182 Axiom 6.2 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Omne agens agit propter finem. [I.II:1:6] Every agent acts on account of an end.	183 Axiom 6.3 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Causa potior est effectu. [I:16:1:ad3; I:95:1; I:88:3:ad2] The cause is greater than the effect.	184 Axiom 6.4 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Nihil est causa suiipsius (Nihil sui causa). [I:3:4:ad1] Nothing is the cause of itself.
185 Axiom 6.5 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Causæ sunt ad invicem causæ (sed aliter et aliter). Causes are the causes of one another (in different lines of causality).	186 Axiom 6.6 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Causa causæ est causa causati. [I:103:6] The cause of the cause is the cause of the thing caused.	187 Axiom 6.7 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Sublata causay tollitur effectus. [I:2:3] Take away the cause and you take away the effect.
188 Axiom 6.8 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Posito effectus, ponitur causa. If you have an effects you have necessarily a cause.	189 Axiom 6.9 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Finis est causa causarum. [I.II:1:6] The end is the cause of causes.	190 Axiom 6.10 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Finis est primus in intentione, ultimus in executione. [I.II:1:3:ad2] The end is first in intention and last in execution.
191 Axiom 6.11 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Qui vult finem, vult media ad finem. Whoever desires the ends desires the means to that end.	192 Axiom 6.12 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Est proprium causæ perfectissimæ dare dignitatem causæ secundariæ effectibus imperfectis. [I:103:6] It is the proper of the most perfect cause to give the dignity of secondary cause to imperfect effects.	193 Axiom 6.13 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Multitudo non reddit rationem unitatis suæ. [De Pot. 3:5] A multitude does not have in itself the reason of its unity.
194 Axiom 6.14 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Compositio non reddit rationem unitatis suæ. [I:3:7] What is composed does not have in itself the reason of its unity.	195 Axiom 6.15 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Nihil agit nisi secundum quod est actu. [I:2:3:ad1] Nothing acts unless insofar as it is in act.	196 Axiom 6.16 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Secundum ordinem agentium est ordo finium. The order of ends corresponds to the order of agents.
197 Axiom 6.17 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Corruptio optimi pessima (Corruptio principis et principii.) [II.II:154:12] The corruption of the best is the worst (e.g. corruption of the prince or of the principles).	198 Axiom 6.18 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Per se prius est eo quod est per accidens. What is essential is prior to that which is accidental.	199 Axiom 6.19 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Quod est per participationem causatur ab eo quod est per essentiam. [I:2:3:ad 4] What is by participation is caused by that which is by essence.
200 Axiom 6.20 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Nemo dat quod non habet. [I:2:3] No one can give what he does not have.	201 Axiom 6.21 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Quanto altior est natura, tanto id quod ex ea emanat magis est intimum. [I:27:1] The higher the natures the more intimate is what flows from it.	202 Axiom 6.22 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Optimi est optima facere. [I:103:1] It is the proper of the best to make the best.
203 Axiom 6.23 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Qualis unusquisque est, talis finis videtur ei conveniens. [I.II:9:2] apud Garrigou-Lagrange [I.II:1:7] The way someone is is the way he determines what end is convenient for him.	204 Axiom 6.24 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Quod possibile est non esse quandoque non est. [I:2:3:ad3] What can not be, sometimes is not.	205 Axiom 6.25 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Quod possibile est fallere quandoque deficit. [I:48] What can be deficient sometimes is deficient.
206 Axiom 6.26 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Entia (et miracula) non sunt multiplicanda. Being (and miracles) must not be multiplied.	207 Axiom 6.27 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Quod est supremum in genere est causa omnium in genere. [I:44:1] What is supreme in a genus is cause of everything in the genus.	208 Axiom 6.28 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Quod potest compleri per pauciora principia, non fit per plura. What can be done by few principles is not done by many.
209 Axiom 6.29 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	Idem oportet esse judicium de totius multitudinis et unius. Pars et totum sunt quodammodo idem. [II.II:61:1:ad2] [De Reg. Principis 1:14] The part and the whole are the same regarding the end.	210 Axiom 6.30 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality
Qui magis potest minus potest. He who can do more can do less.	211 Axiom 6.31 Metaphysica: Causalitas — Metaphysics: Causality	omne ens habet rationem sufficientem sui essendi in se aut in alio. Everything has sufficient reason of being either in itself or in another.
212 Axiom 7.1 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason Ratio sufficiens Sufficient reason	Ens est ens. Every being is by itself constituted in its own specific nature.	213 Axiom 7.2 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason Identitas Identity
Ens non est non ens. One and the same being cannot be and not be what it is.	214 Axiom 7.3 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason Non-contradictio Non‑contradiction	Non potest idem secundum idem simul determinari diversis modis. One and the same being cannot be and not be at the same time and in the same sense determined in two different ways.
215 Axiom 7.4 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason Contraria Contraries	Omne ens contingens est ab alio (causa efficiente). Every being which can not‑be needs an efficient cause to be.	216 Axiom 7.5 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason Causalitas Causality
omne agens agit propter finem. Every agent acts for an end.	217 Axiom 7.6 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason Finalitas Finality	Eadem causæ in eadem adiunctis semper eadem effecta efficiunt. The same causes in the same circumstances produce always the same effects.
218 Axiom 7.7 Metaphysica: Prima Principia rationis — Metaphysics: First Principles of Reason	Potentia et actus ita dividunt ens, ut quidquid est, vel sit actus purus, vel ex potentia et actu tamquam primis atque intrinsecis principiis necessario coalescat. Potency and Act so divide being that whatsoever exists either is a Pure Act, or is necessarily composed of Potency and Act, as to its primordial and intrinsic principles.	219 Thesis I. Ontologia — Ontology
Actus, utpote perfectio, non limitatur nisi per potentiam, quæ est capacitas perfectionis. Proinde in quo ordine actus est purus, in eodem nonnisi illimitatus et unicus exsistit; ubi vero est finitus ac multiplex, in veram incidit cum potentia compositionem. Act, because it is perfection, is not limited except by Potency, which is capacity for perfection. Therefore, in the order in which the Act is pure, it is unlimited and unique; but in that in which it is finite and manifold, it comes into a true composition with Potency.	220 Thesis II. Ontologia — Ontology	Quapropter in absoluta ipsius esse ratione unus subsistit Deus, unus est simplicissimus, cetera cuncta quæ ipsum esse participant, naturam habent quæ esse coarctatur, ac tamquam distinctis realiter principiis, essentia et esse constant. Wherefore, in the exclusive domain of existence itself God alone subsists, He alone is the most simple. Everything else, which participates in existence, has a nature whereby existence is restricted, and is composed of essence and existence as of two really distinct principles.
221 Thesis III. Ontologia — Ontology	Ens, quod denominatur ab esse, non univoce de Deo ac de creaturis dicitur, nec tamen prorsus æquivoce, sed analogice, analogia tum attributionis tum proportionalitis. Being, which derives its name from existence, is not predicated univocally of God and creatures; nor yet merely equivocally, but analogically, by the analogy both of attribution and of proportionality.	222 Thesis IV. Ontologia — Ontology
Est præterea in omni creatura realis compositio subiecti subsistentis cum formis secundario additis, sive acccidentibus: ea vero, nisi esse realiter in essentia distincta reciperetur, intelligi non posset. There is, moreover, in every creature a real composition of subsisting subject with forms secondarily added—that is, accidents; but such a composition could not be understood unless the existence were received into a distinct essence.	223 Thesis V. Ontologia — Ontology	Præter absoluta accidentia est etiam relativum, sive ad aliquid. Quamvis enim ad aliquid non significet secundum propriam rationem aliquid alicui inhærens, sæpe tamen causam in rebus habet, et ideo realem entitatem distinctam a subiecto. Besides the absolute accidents there is also a relative accident, or 'toward something.' For although 'toward something' does not mean, by its own nature, anything inhering in something, frequently, however, it has a cause in things, and, therefore, a real entity distinct from the subject.
224 Thesis VI. Ontologia — Ontology	Creatura spiritualis est in sua essentia omnino simplex. Sed remanet in ea compositio duplex: essentiæ cum esse et substantiæ cum accidentibus. The spiritual creature is as to its essence altogether simple. Yet there remains a twofold composition in it: that, namely, of essence with existence and that of substance with accidents.	225 Thesis VII. Ontologia — Ontology
Creatura vero corporalis est quoad ipsam essentiam composita potentia et actu; quæ potentia et actus ordinis essentiæ, materiæ et formæ nominibus designantur. The corporeal creature, on the contrary, is in its very essence composed of Potency and Act. Such a Potency and Act of the essential order are designated by the names of matter and form.	226 Thesis VIII. Cosmologia — Cosmology	Earum partium neutra per se esse habet, nec per se producitur vel corrumpitur, nec ponitur in prædicamento nisi reductive ut principium substantiale. Neither of those parts has existence, properly speaking; nor is produced or destroyed; nor is placed in a Category except by way of reduction, as a substantial principle.
227 Thesis IX. Cosmologia — Cosmology	Etsi corpoream naturam extensio in partes integrales consequitur, non tamen idem est corpori esse substantiam et esse quantum. Substantia quippe ratione sui indivisibilis est, non quidem ad modum puncti, sed ad modum eius quod est extra ordinem dimensionis. Quantitas vero, quæ extensionem substantiæ tribuit, a substantia realiter differt, et est veri nominis accidens. Although extension into integral parts follows corporeal nature, it is not, however, the same for a body to be a substance and to be extended. For substance of itself is indivisible; not certainly after the manner of a point, but after the manner of that which is outside the order of dimension. On the other hand, quantity, which makes substance to be extended, really differs from substance, and is a veritable accident.	228 Thesis X. Cosmologia — Cosmology
Quantitate signata materia principium est individuationis, id est, numericæ distinctionis, quæ in puris spiritibus esse non potest, unius individui ab alio in eadem natura specifica. Matter as subjected to quantity is the principle of individuation or numerical distinction—impossible among pure spirits—whereby individuals of the same species are distinct from each other.	229 Thesis XI. Cosmologia — Cosmology	Eadem efficitur quantitate ut corpus circumscriptive sit in loco, et in uno tantum loco de quacumque potentia per hunc modum esse possit. It is also quantity that makes a body to be circumscriptively in one place and to be incapable, by any means, of such a presence in any other place.
230 Thesis XII. Cosmologia — Cosmology	Corpora dividuntur bifariam: quædam enim sunt viventia, quædam expertia vitæ. In viventibus, ut in eodem subiecto pars movens et pars mota per se habeantur, forma substantialis, animæ nomine designata, requirit organicam dispositionem, seu partes heterogeneas. Bodies are divided into two classes: some are living, others without life. In living bodies, in order to have intrinsically a moving part and a moved part in the same subject, the substantial form, called the soul, requires an organic disposition, or heterogeneous parts.	231 Thesis XIII. Psychologia — Psychology
Vegetalis et sensilis ordinis animæ nequaquam per se subsistunt, nec per se producuntur, sed sunt tantummodo ut principium quo vivens est et vivit, et cum a materia se totis dependeant, corrupto composito, eo ipso per accidens corrumpuntur. Souls of the vegetative and sensitive order, properly speaking, do not subsist and are not produced, but merely exist and are produced as a principle whereby the living thing exists and lives. Since they depend entirely on matter, at the dissolution of the compound, they are indirectly destroyed.	232 Thesis XIV. Psychologia — Psychology	Contra, per se subsistit anima humana, quæ, cum subiecto sufficienter disposito potest infundi, a Deo creatur, et sua natura incorruptibilis est atque immortalis. On the contrary, the human soul subsists by itself, and is created by God when it can be infused into a sufficiently disposed subject, and is incorruptible and immortal by nature.
233 Thesis XV. Psychologia — Psychology	Eadem anima rationalis ita unitur corpori, ut sit eiusdem forma substantialis unica, et per ipsam habet homo ut sit homo et animal et vivens et corpus et substantia et ens. Tribuit igitur anima homini omnem gradum perfectionis essentialem; insuper communicat corpori actum essendi quo ipsa est. This same rational soul is so united to the body as to be its single substantial form. By it man is man, and animal, and living, and body, and substance, and being. Soul, therefore, gives man every essential degree of perfection. It communicates to the body, furthermore, the act of existence whereby itself exists.	234 Thesis XVI. Psychologia — Psychology
Duplicis ordinis facultates, organicæ et inorganicæ, ex anima humana per naturalem resultantiam emanant: priores, ad quas sensus pertinet, in composito subiectantur, posteriores in anima sola. Est igitur intellectus facultas ab organo intrinsece independens. Faculties of a twofold order, organic and inorganic, naturally spring from the human soul. The subject of the organic, to which sense belongs, is the compound. The subject of the inorganic is the soul alone. The intellect, then, is a faculty intrinsically independent of any organ.	235 Thesis XVII. Psychologia — Psychology	Immaterialitatem necessario sequitur intellectualitas, et ita quidem ut secundum gradus elongationis a materia, sint quoque gradus intellectualitatis. Adæquatum intellectionis obiectum est communiter ipsum ens; proprium vero intellectus humani in præsenti statu unionis, quidditatibus abstractis a conditionibus materialibus continetur. Intellectuality necessarily follows immateriality, and in such a manner that the degree of intellectuality is in proportion to the remoteness from matter. The adequate object of intellection is being as such; but the proper object of the human intellect, in the present state of union, is restricted to the essences abstracted from material conditions.
236 Thesis XVIII. Psychologia — Psychology	Cognitionem ergo accipimus a rebus sensibilibus. Cum autem sensibile non sit intelligibile in actu, præter intellectum formaliter intelligentem, admittenda est in anima virtus activa, quæ species intelligibiles a phantasmatibus abstrahat. We, therefore, receive our knowledge from sensible things. But since no sensible thing is actually intelligible, besides the intellect which is properly intelligent we must admit in the soul an active power which abstracts the intelligible forms from the phantasms.	237 Thesis XIX. Psychologia — Psychology
Per has species directe universalia cognoscimus; singularia sensu attingimus, tum etiam intellectu per conversionem ad phantasmata; ad cognitionem vero spiritualium per analogiam ascendimus. Through these species we directly know the universal; the singular we know by the senses, and also by the intellect through a conversion to the phantasms; we rise by analogy to the knowledge of the spiritual.	238 Thesis XX. Psychologia — Psychology	Intellectum sequitur, non præcedit, voluntas, quæ necessario appetit id quod sibi præsentatur tamquam bonum ex omni parte explens appetitum, sed inter plura bona, quæ iudicio mutabili appetenda proponuntur, libere eligit. Sequitur proinde electio iudicium practicum ultimum; at quod sit ultimum, voluntas efficit. The will follows, does not precede, the intellect; it necessarily desires that which is offered to it as a good which entirely satisfies the appetite; it freely chooses among several good things that are proposed as desirable by the wavering judgment. Election, then, follows the last practical judgment; still, it is the will which determines it to be the last.
239 Thesis XXI. Psychologia — Psychology	Deum esse neque immediata intuitione percipimus, neque a priori demonstramus, sed utique a posteriori, hoc est, per ea quæ facta sunt, ducto argumento ab effectibus ad causam: videlicet, a rebus quæ moventur ad sui motus principium et primum motorem immobilem; a processu rerum mundanarum e causis inter se subordinatis, ad primam causam incausatam; a corruptibilibus quæ æqualiter se habent ad esse et non esse, ad ens absolute necessarium; ab iis quæ secundum minoratas perfectiones essendi, vivendi, intelligendi, plus et minus sunt, vivunt, intelligunt, ad eum qui est maxime intelligens, maxime vivens, maxime ens; denique, ab ordine universi ad intellectum separatum qui res ordinavit, disposuit, et dirigit ad finem. That God exists we do not know by immediate intuition, nor do we demonstrate it a priori, but certainly a posteriori, that is, by things which are made, arguing from effect to cause. Namely, from things, which are in movement and cannot be the adequate principle of their motion, to the first mover immovable; from the procession of worldly things from causes, which are subordinated to each other, to the first uncaused cause; from corruptible things, which are indifferent alike to being and non-being, to the absolutely necessary being; from things, which, according to their limited perfection of existence, life, intelligence, are more or less perfect in their being, their life, their intelligence, to Him who is intelligent, living, and being in the highest degree; finally, from the order, which exists in the universe, to the existence of a separate intelligence which ordained, disposed, and directs things to their end.	240 Thesis XXII. Theodicea — Theodicy
Divina Essentia, per hoc quod exercitæ actualitati ipsius esse identificatur, seu per hoc quod est ipsum Esse subsistens, in sua veluti metaphysica ratione bene nobis constituta proponitur, et per hoc idem rationem nobis exhibet suæ infinitatis in perfectione. The Divine Essence is well proposed to us as constituted in its metaphysical concept by its identity with the exercised actuality of its existence, or, in other terms, as the very subsisting being; and by the same token it exhibits to us the reason of its infinity in perfection.	241 Thesis XXIII. Theodicea — Theodicy	Ipsa igitur puritate sui esse, a finitis omnibus rebus secernitur Deus. Inde infertur primo, mundum nonnisi per creationem a Deo procedere potuisse; deinde virtutem creativam, qua per se primo attingitur ens in quantum ens, nec miraculose ulli finitæ naturæ esse communicabilem; nullum denique creatum agens in esse cuiuscumque effectus influere, nisi motione accepta a prima causa. By the very purity of His being God is, therefore, distinguished from all finite beings. Hence, in the first place, it is inferred that the world could not have proceeded from God except through creation; secondly, that the creative power, which directly 'affects being as being,' cannot be communicated, even miraculously, to any finite nature; and, finally, that no created agent exercises any influence on the being of any effect except through a motion received from the first cause.
242 Thesis XXIV. Theodicea — Theodicy