DE ARTICULIS FIDEI
by
Thomas AquinasPart 1: Articles of Faith, not translated
Part 2: Explanation of the Sacraments
translated by J.B. Collins, in
Catechetical Instructions of St. Thomas (New York: Wagner 1939; repr. 1953).
Html-edited by Joseph Kenny, O.P.
Pars 2
De Ecclesiae sacramentisPart 2
THE SACRAMENTS OF THE CHURCHNunc restat considerandum de Ecclesiae sacramentis, quae tamen omnia comprehenduntur sub uno articulo, quia ad effectum gratiae pertinent. Sed quia specialem de sacramentis fecistis quaestionem, de his seorsum agendum est. Est primo igitur sciendum, quod sicut Augustinus dicit in X Lib. de Civit. Dei, sacramentum est sacrum signum, vel sacrae rei signum. Fuerunt autem in veteri lege quaedam sacramenta, idest sacrae rei signa, sicut agnus paschalis, et alia sacramenta legalia, quae quidem solum significabant Christi gratiam, non tamen eam causabant. Unde apostolus Galat. IV, 9 vocat ea egena et infirma elementa: egena quidem, quia gratiam non continebant; et infirma, quia gratiam conferre non poterant. Sacramenta vero novae legis continent et conferunt gratiam. In eis enim virtus Christi sub tegumento rerum visibilium secretius operatur salutem, ut dicit Augustinus. Et ideo sacramentum novae legis est invisibilis gratiae visibilis forma, ut eius similitudinem gerat et causa existat. Sicut ablutio quae fit in aqua Baptismatis repraesentat interiorem mundationem quae fit a peccatis per virtutem Baptismi. We shall now consider the Sacraments of the Church. We shall treat them under one heading, since they all pertain to the effect of grace. First of all, that must be known which St. Augustine wrote in the tenth book of "The City of God": "a Sacrament is a sacred thing" or "the sign of a sacred thing." [1] Even in the Old Law there were certain sacraments, that is, signs of a sacred thing—for example, the paschal lamb and other legal sacred signs or "sacraments" which, however, did not cause grace but only signified or indicated the grace of Christ. The Apostle calls these "sacraments" "weak and needy elements." [2] They were needy because they did not contain grace, and they were weak because they could not confer grace. In them, as St. Augustine says, the merits of Christ brought about salvation in a more hidden manner under the cover of visible things. The Sacraments of the New Law, on the other hand, both contain grace and confer it. A Sacrament of the New Law is a visible form of invisible grace. Thus, the exterior washing which takes place when the water is poured in Baptism represents that interior cleansing which takes away sin by virtue of the Sacrament of Baptism. [3] Sunt autem sacramenta legis novae septem, scilicet Baptismus, confirmatio, Eucharistia, poenitentia, extrema unctio, ordo et matrimonium: quorum prima quinque ordinantur ad perfectionem unius hominis in seipso, sed alia duo, scilicet ordo et matrimonium, ordinantur ad perfectionem et multiplicationem totius Ecclesiae. There are seven Sacraments of the New Law: Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Orders, and Matrimony. The first five of these Sacraments are intended to bring about the perfection of the individual man in himself; whereas the other two, Orders and Matrimony, are so constituted that they perfect and multiply the entire Church. THE SPIRITUAL AND THE PHYSICAL LIFE: AN ANALOGY Vita enim spiritualis conformatur vitae corporali. In vita autem corporali perficitur homo primo per generationem, qua nascitur in hoc mundo; secundo per augmentum, quo perducitur ad quantitatem et virtutem perfectam; tertio per cibum, quo sustentatur hominis vita et virtutes. Et haec quidem sufficerent, si nunquam eum infirmari contingeret; sed quia frequenter homo infirmatur, quarto indiget sanatione. The spiritual life conforms to the physical life. In the physical life man is perfected in three chief ways: first, by generation, in that he is born into this world; secondly, by growth, through which he is brought up into stature and perfect strength; thirdly, by food which sustains man's life and powers. This would suffice were it not that man is attacked by illnesses, and hence, fourthly, he needs something which will bring him back to health. Sic est in vita spirituali. Primo enim indiget homo regeneratione, quae fit per Baptismum, secundum illud Ioan. III, 5: nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et spiritu sancto, non potest introire in regnum Dei. Secundo oportet quod homo accipiat perfectam virtutem quasi quoddam spirituale augmentum, scilicet per sacramentum confirmationis ad similitudinem apostolorum, quos spiritus sanctus in eos veniens confirmavit. Unde dominus dixit eis Luc. ult., 49: vos sedete in civitate (Ierusalem) quoadusque induamini virtute ex alto. Tertio oportet quod homo spiritualiter nutriatur per Eucharistiae sacramentum, secundum illud Ioan. VI, 54: nisi manducaveritis carnem filii hominis et biberitis eius sanguinem, non habebitis vitam in vobis. Quarto oportet quod homo sanetur spiritualiter per sacramentum poenitentiae, secundum illud Psal. XL, 5: sana, domine, animam meam, quia peccavi tibi. Quinto spiritualiter simul et corporaliter per sacramentum extremae unctionis sanatur, secundum illud Iac. ult., 14: infirmatur aliquis in vobis? Inducat presbyteros Ecclesiae, et orent super eum, ungentes eum oleo in nomine domini: et oratio fidei salvabit infirmum, et alleviabit eum dominus; et si in peccatis sit, dimittentur ei. Quantum autem ad communem Ecclesiae utilitatem ordinantur duo sacramenta, scilicet ordo et matrimonium. Nam per ordinem Ecclesia gubernatur et multiplicatur spiritualiter, et per matrimonium multiplicatur corporaliter. This also holds true in the spiritual life. First, man needs regeneration or re-birth which is brought through the Sacrament of Baptism: "Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." [4] Secondly, it is necessary that man develop perfect strength, which is, as it were, a spiritual growth, and this indeed comes to him in the Sacrament of Confirmation. This is like the strengthening which the Apostles received when the Holy Spirit came upon them and confirmed them. The Lord had said to them: "But stay you in the city of Jerusalem till you be endued with power from on high." [5] The third similarity is that man must be fed with spiritual food: "Unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man, and drink His blood, you shall not have life in you." [6] Fourthly, man must be healed spiritually through the Sacrament of Penance: "Heal, O Lord, my soul, for I have sinned against You." [7] Lastly, one is healed both in soul and in body in the Sacrament of Extreme Unction: "Is any man sick among you? Let him bring in the priests of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man, and the Lord shall raise him up, and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him." [8] Two of the Sacraments, Orders and Matrimony, are instituted for the common good of the Church. Through the Sacrament of Orders the Church is ruled and is spiritually multiplied; and through Matrimony it is increased physically in numbers. [9] THE SEVEN SACRAMENTS IN GENERAL Est autem considerandum quod praedicta septem sacramenta quaedam habent communia, et quaedam propria. Commune quidem est omnibus sacramentis quod conferant gratiam, sicut dictum est. Commune etiam est omnibus, quod sacramentum consistit in verbis et rebus corporalibus, sicut in Christo, qui est sacramentorum auctor, est verbum caro factum. Et sicut caro Christi sanctificata est, et virtutem sanctificandi habet per verbum sibi unitum, ita et res sacramentorum sanctificantur, et vim sanctificandi habent per verba quae in his proferuntur. Unde Augustinus dicit super Ioan.: accedit verbum ad elementum, et fit sacramentum. Unde verba quibus sanctificantur sacramenta, dicuntur sacramentorum formae; res autem sanctificatae dicuntur sacramentorum materiae, sicut aqua est materia Baptismi et chrisma confirmationis. The seven Sacraments have some things which they all hold in common, and some things which are proper to each one. That which is common to all the Sacraments is that they confer grace. It is also common to all the Sacraments that a Sacrament is made up of words and physical acts. And so also Christ, who is the Author of the Sacraments, is the Word made flesh. And just as the flesh of Christ was sanctified, and has the power of sanctifying because of the Word united to itself, so also the Sacraments are made holy and have the power of sanctifying through the words which accompany the action. Thus, St. Augustine says: "The word is joined to the element, and the Sacrament is made." [10] Now, the words by which the Sacraments are sanctified are called the form of the Sacraments; and the things which are sanctified are called the matter of the Sacraments. Water, for example, is the matter of Baptism, and the holy chrism is the matter of Confirmation. Requiritur etiam in quolibet sacramento persona ministri conferentis sacramentum cum intentione conferendi et faciendi quod facit Ecclesia: quorum trium si aliquid desit, idest si non sit debita forma verborum, et si non sit debita materia, et si minister sacramenti non intendit sacramentum conficere, non perficitur sacramentum. In each Sacrament there is required a minister, who confers the Sacrament with the intention of doing that which the Church intends. If any one of these three requirements is lacking, the Sacrament is not brought into being, viz., if there is lacking the due form of the words, or if the matter is not present, or if the minister does not intend to confer the Sacrament. [11] Impeditur etiam effectus sacramenti per culpam recipientis, puta, si fictus accedat, et non corde parato ad suscipiendum sacramentum. Talis enim licet sacramentum suscipiat, effectum tamen sacramenti, idest gratiam spiritus sancti, non recipit, quia, ut dicitur Sap. I, 5: spiritus sanctus disciplinae effugiet fictum. E contrario autem sunt alii qui nunquam recipiunt sacramentum, qui tamen effectum sacramenti suscipiunt propter devotionem quam habent ad sacramentum, quod habent in voto, sive desiderio. The effect of the Sacrament is likewise impeded through the fault of the recipient, for example, if one feigns to receive it and with a heart unprepared to receive worthily. Such a one, although he actually receives the Sacrament, does not receive the effect of the Sacrament, that is, the grace of the Holy Spirit. "For the Holy Spirit of discipline will flee from the deceitful." [12] On the other hand, however, there are some who never even receive sacramentally, yet who receive the effect of the Sacrament because of their devotion towards the Sacrament, which they may have in desire or in a vow. Sunt autem et quaedam propria sacramentis quibusdam. Nam quaedam horum imprimunt characterem, idest spirituale quoddam signum distinctivum a ceteris, sicut in sacramento ordinis vel sacramento Baptismi, et in sacramento confirmationis: et talia sacramenta nunquam iterantur super eandem personam. Nunquam enim ille qui est baptizatus, debet ulterius baptizari; neque confirmatus, iterum confirmari; neque ordinatus, iterum ordinari: quia character, qui in huiusmodi sacramentis imprimitur, indelebilis est. There are some things which are characteristic of each individual Sacrament. Certain ones impress a character on the soul which is a certain spiritual sign distinct from the other Sacraments. Such are the Sacraments of Orders, Baptism, and Confirmation. The Sacraments which give a character are never repeated in the same person who has once received it. Thus, he who is baptized need never again receive this Sacrament; neither can he who has been confirmed receive Confirmation again; and one who has been ordained need never repeat his ordination. The reason is that the character which each of these Sacraments impresses is indelible. In aliis vero sacramentis non imprimitur character suscipienti ea, et ideo possunt iterari quantum ad personam suscipientem, non tamen quantum ad materiam. Potest enim unus homo frequenter poenitere, frequenter Eucharistiam sumere, frequenter extremam unctionem suscipere, frequenter matrimonium contrahere, non tamen eadem hostia debet frequenter consecrari, nec idem oleum infirmorum debet frequenter benedici. Est etiam alia differentia, quia quaedam sacramenta sunt de necessitate salutis, sicut Baptismus et poenitentia, quibus non existentibus, non potest homo salvari. Alia vero sacramenta non sunt de necessitate salutis, quia sine eis potest esse salus, nisi propter contemptum sacramenti. In the other Sacraments, however, a character is not impressed on the recipient, and hence they can be repeated as far as the person is concerned, not however as far as the matter is concerned. Thus, one can frequently receive Penance, frequently receive the Eucharist, and can be anointed more than once with Extreme Unction, and likewise he can be married more than once. Yet, regarding the matter, the same Host cannot be frequently consecrated, nor ought the oil of the sick be frequently blessed. [13] BAPTISM His visis in communi circa Ecclesiae sacramenta, oportet quaedam in speciali de singulis dicere. Primo igitur circa Baptismum sciendum est, quod materia Baptismi est aqua vera et naturalis, nec differt utrum sit frigida vel calefacta. In aquis autem artificialibus, sicut est aqua rosacea, et aliis huiusmodi, non potest baptizari. Forma autem Baptismi est ista: ego te baptizo in nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti. Minister huius sacramenti proprius est sacerdos, cui ex officio competit baptizare. In articulo tamen necessitatis, non solum diaconus, sed etiam laicus et mulier, immo Paganus et haereticus potest baptizare, dummodo servet formam Ecclesiae, et intendat facere quod facit Ecclesia. Si vero extra articulum necessitatis aliquis a talibus baptizetur, recipit quidem sacramentum, et non debet iterum baptizari; non tamen recipit gratiam sacramenti, quia ficti deputantur, utpote contra statutum Ecclesiae sacramentum accipientes. Having considered the Sacraments in general, it is now necessary to say something about each one in particular. First, we consider Baptism, of which it must be known that the matter of this Sacrament is natural water, and it makes no difference whether it is cold or warm. In artificial waters, however, such as rose water, one cannot baptize. The form of Baptism is: "I baptize You in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit." The minister of Baptism ordinarily is the priest, whose office it is to baptize. In case of necessity, however, not only a deacon but also any lay person, even a pagan or a heretic, can baptize as long as he observes the form specified by the Church, and intends to act according to the intention of the Church. If a person is baptized by these not in a case of necessity, he received the Sacrament and must not again be baptized; but the grace of the Sacrament is not received, because such persons are not truly deputed to baptize outside of cases of necessity, and, hence, they act contrary to the law of the Church regulating reception of the Sacraments. [14] THE EFFECT OF BAPTISM Effectus autem Baptismi est remissio culpae originalis et actualis, et etiam totius culpae et poenae, ita quod baptizatis non est aliqua satisfactio iniungenda pro peccatis praeteritis, sed statim morientes post Baptismum introducuntur ad gloriam Dei. Unde effectus Baptismi ponitur apertio ianuae Paradisi. The effect of Baptism is to remit both original and actual sin as well as all guilt and punishment which they incur. No kind of punishment must be enjoined for past sins upon those just newly baptized. Hence, those who die immediately after Baptism are admitted to the glory of God without delay. The effect, therefore, of Baptism is the opening of the gates of paradise. ERRORS CONCERNING BAPTISM Circa hoc sacramentum fuerunt aliqui errores. Primus quidem fuit Solentianorum, qui Baptismum in aqua non recipiunt, sed solum Baptismum spiritualem, contra quos dicit dominus, Ioan. III, 5: nisi quis renatus fuerit ex aqua et spiritu sancto, non potest introire in regnum Dei. Secundus error fuit Donatistarum rebaptizantium eos qui sunt baptizati a Catholicis, contra quos dicitur Ephes. IV, 5: una fides, unum Baptisma. Est autem alter error eorum: nam dicunt quod homo in peccato existens, non potest baptizare, contra quos dicitur Ioan. I, 33: super quem videris spiritum descendentem et manentem, hic est qui baptizat, scilicet Christus. Unde non nocet homini malus minister nec in hoc nec in aliis sacramentis, quia Christus est bonus qui merito suae passionis perficit sacramentum. Quartus error est Pelagianorum, qui dicunt pueros baptizari, ut regeneratione adoptati admittantur ad regnum Dei, de bono in melius translati, non ista regeneratione aliquo malo obligationis veteris absoluti. There have been certain errors concerning this Sacrament. The first was that of the Solentiani, who received a baptism not of water but of the spirit. Against them the Lord says: "Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." [15] The second error was that of the Donatists, who re-baptized those who had been baptized by the Catholics. Against them it is written: "One faith, one baptism." [16] They also err in holding that a man in the state of sin cannot baptize. Against them it is said: "He upon whom you see the Spirit descending, and remaining upon Him, He it is who baptizes." [17] It is thus seen that a minister who is himself evil does not invalidate either this or any of the other Sacraments, because it is Christ who, by the merits of His passion, gives to each Sacrament its efficacy; and He is good. The fourth error is that of the Pelagians who say that children must be baptized because by their regeneration they, as adopted children of God, are admitted into the kingdom, but by this regeneration they are not freed from original sin. CONFIRMATION Secundum sacramentum est confirmationis, cuius materia est chrisma confectum ex oleo, quod significat nitorem conscientiae, et balsamo, quod significat odorem bonae famae, per episcopum benedicto. Forma autem huius sacramenti est talis: consigno te signo crucis, et confirmo te chrismate salutis, in nomine patris et filii et spiritus sancti. Amen. Minister autem huius sacramenti est solum episcopus. Non enim licet sacerdoti confirmandos chrismate in fronte inungere. The second Sacrament is Confirmation. The matter of this Sacrament is chrism made from oil, which signifies the bright lustre of conscience, and from balsam, which signifies the odor of a good name; both of which are blessed by the bishop. The form of this Sacrament is: "I sign You with the sign of the cross, and I confirm You with the chrism of salvation, in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen." [18] The minister of this Sacrament is solely the bishop. [19] It is not licit for a priest to anoint on the forehead with chrism those who are to be confirmed. [20] THE EFFECT OF CONFIRMATION Effectus autem huius sacramenti est quod in eo datur spiritus sanctus ad robur, sicut datus est apostolis in die Pentecostes, ut scilicet Christianus audacter confiteatur nomen Christi. Et ideo confirmandus in fronte ungitur, in qua est sedes verecundiae, ut scilicet nomen Christi confiteri non erubescat, et praecipue crucem eius, quae est Iudaeis scandalum, gentibus autem stultitia: et propter hoc etiam signo crucis signantur. The effect of Confirmation is that the Holy Spirit is imparted to give strength, just as He was given to the Apostles on the day of Pentecost. Thus, the Christian must boldly confess the name of Christ. The one who is confirmed is anointed on the forehead wherein is the seat of fear; so that he will not blush to confess either the name of Christ or especially the cross of Christ, which to the Jews was a scandal and to the pagans foolishness. For this reason he is signed with the sign of the cross. ERRORS CONCERNING CONFIRMATION Circa hoc sacramentum est error quorundam Graecorum dicentium, quod sacerdos simplex hoc sacramentum potest conferre: contra quos dicitur Act. VIII, quod apostoli miserunt Petrum et Ioannem apostolos, qui imponebant manus super eos qui baptizati erant a Philippo diacono, et accipiebant spiritum sanctum. Episcopi autem sunt in Ecclesia loco apostolorum, et loco illius manus impositionis datur in Ecclesia confirmatio. Certain of the Greeks erred concerning this Sacrament in saying that it could be administered by one who is only a priest. Against this it is said that the Apostles sent the Apostles Peter and John to impose hands upon those who had been baptized by Philip the deacon, and they received the Holy Spirit. Now, the bishops of the Church are in the places of the Apostles, and in their place also do they impose hands when the Sacrament of Confirmation is administered. THE HOLY EUCHARIST Tertium sacramentum est Eucharistia, cuius materia est panis triticeus, et vinum de vite, modica aqua permixtum, ita quod aqua transeat in vinum: nam aqua significat populum, qui incorporatur Christo. De alio autem pane quam tritici et alio vino non potest hoc confici sacramentum. Forma autem huius sacramenti sunt ipsa verba Christi dicentis: hoc est corpus meum; et hic est calix sanguinis mei, novi et aeterni testamenti, mysterium fidei, qui pro vobis et pro multis effundetur in remissionem peccatorum: quia sacerdos in persona Christi loquens, hoc conficit sacramentum. Minister autem sacramenti huius est sacerdos, neque aliquis alius potest corpus Christi conficere. The third Sacrament is the Holy Eucharist. Its matter is wheaten bread and wine from the grape mixed with a little water so that the water becomes part of the wine. The water signifies the faithful who are incorporated into Christ. Other than wheaten bread and wine from the grape cannot be the matter for this Sacrament. The form of this Sacrament is the very words of Christ, "This is My Body," and "This is the chalice of My Blood of the new and eternal testament; the mystery of faith; which shall be shed for you and for many, to the remission of sins." These words spoken by the priest in the person of Christ brings into being this Sacrament. The minister of this Sacrament is the priest; and no one else can consecrate this matter into the Body of Christ. THE EFFECT OF THE EUCHARIST Effectus huius duplex est, quorum primus consistit in ipsa consecratione sacramenti: nam virtute praedictorum verborum panis convertitur in corpus Christi, et vinum in sanguinem, ita tamen quod totus Christus continetur sub speciebus panis, quae remanent sine subiecto, et totus Christus continetur sub speciebus vini: et sub qualibet parte hostiae consecratae, vini consecrati, separatione facta, est totus Christus. Alius vero effectus huius sacramenti, quem in anima digne sumentis facit, est adunatio hominis ad Christum, sicut ipse dicit Ioan. VI, 57: qui manducat meam carnem et bibit meum sanguinem, in me manet, et ego in eo. Et quia per gratiam homo Christo incorporatur et membris eius unitur, dignum est quod hoc sacramentum sumentibus digne gratia augeatur. Sic igitur in hoc sacramento est aliquid quod est sacramentum tantum, scilicet ipsa species panis et vini; et aliquid quod est res et sacramentum, scilicet corpus Christi verum; et aliquid quod est res tantum, scilicet unitas corporis mystici, idest Ecclesiae, quam hoc sacramentum et significat et causat. The effect of this Sacrament is twofold: first, in the very consecration of the Sacrament, since in virtue of the above words bread is changed into the Body of Christ, and wine into His Blood; so that Christ is entirely contained under the appearances of bread which remain without a subject; and Christ is entirely contained under the appearances of wine. And, moreover, under each part of the consecrated Host and of the consecrated wine, Christ is totally present even after the separation is made. [21] The second effect of this Sacrament brought about in the soul of one who worthily receives is the union of man with Christ, as He himself says: "He who eats My Flesh, and drinks My Blood, abides in Me, and I in him." [22] And since man is incorporated with Christ and united to His members through grace, it follows that through this Sacrament grace is increased in those who receive it worthily. Thus, therefore, in this Sacrament there is that which is the Sacrament alone ("sacramentum tantum"), that is, the species of bread and wine; and that which is known as the "res et sacramentum," that is, the true Body of Christ; and that which is the "res tantum," that is the unity of the Mystical Body, that is, the Church which this Sacrament both signifies and causes. [23] ERRORS CONCERNING THE EUCHARIST Fuerunt autem circa hoc sacramentum multi errores. Quorum primus est eorum qui dicunt, quod in hoc sacramento non est verum corpus Christi, sed tantum significative. Auctor erroris eius dicitur fuisse Berengarius, contra quem dicitur Ioan. VI, 56: caro mea vere est cibus, et sanguis meus vere est potus. Secundus est error Artotyritarum qui offerunt in sacramento hoc panem et caseum, dicentes a primis hominibus oblationes de frugibus terrae et ovium celebratas fuisse: contra quod est quod dominus huius sacramenti institutor, panem et vinum discipulis suis dedit. Tertius est error Cathaphrygarum et Praeputiatorum qui de infantis sanguine, quem de toto eius corpore minutis punctorum vulneribus extorquent, quasi Eucharistiam suam conficere perhibentur, immiscentes eum farinae, panemque inde facientes; quod magis est simile sacrificiis Daemonum, quam sacrificiis Christi, secundum illud Psal. CV, 38: effuderunt sanguinem innocentem (...) quem sacrificaverunt sculptilibus Chanaan. Quartus est error aquariorum, qui aquam solam in sacrificiis offerunt, cum tamen Prov. IX, 5, dicatur ex ore sapientiae, qui est Christus: bibite vinum quod miscui vobis. Quintus est error Ophitarum, qui serpentem Christum esse aestimantes, habent unum colubrum assuetum panes lingua lambere, atque ita eis velut Eucharistiam sanctificare. Sextus est error Praeputiatorum, qui tantum dant mulieribus principatum, ut sacerdotio quoque apud eos honorentur. Septimus est error pauperum de Lugduno, qui dicunt quemlibet iustum hominem posse conficere hoc sacramentum. Contra quos errores est quod dominus apostolis suis potestatem tradidit hoc sacramentum celebrandi, unde solum illi qui quadam successione ab apostolis acceperunt hanc potestatem, possunt hoc sacramentum conficere. Octavus est error quorundam, qui dicuntur Adamani, qui imitantes nuditatem Adae, nudi mares feminaeque conveniunt, nudi lectionem audiunt, nudi orant, sacramenta nudi celebrant: contra quos dicitur I Corinth. XIV, 40: omnia honeste et secundum ordinem fiant in vobis. There have been many errors regarding this Sacrament. The first error is of those who say that in this Sacrament is not the true Body of Christ but only a sign of it. The author of this error is said to be Berengarius against whom it is written: "For My Flesh is meat indeed; and My Blood is drink indeed." [24] The second is the error of the Arrodinici, who offer in their sacrament bread and cheese because they say men at first made offerings of the fruits of the earth and of their flocks. Against this, however, stands the fact that the Lord who is the institutor of this Sacrament gave to His disciples bread and wine. The third is the error of the Cataphrygae and the Praeputiati, who drew the blood of an infant from tiny punctures in its body, and mixing this with flour made a bread of it; and thus asserted that they consecrated the sacrament. This is more like the sacrifices of demons than that of Christ: "And they shed innocent blood... which they sacrificed to the idols of Chanaan." [25] The fourth is the error of the Aquarii, who offer water only in their sacrifices. But against this are the words from the mouth of Wisdom, which is Christ: "Drink the wine which I have mingled for you." [26] Another error is that of the Poor People of Lyons who hold that any just man can consecrate this Sacrament. Against such errors is the fact that the Lord gave to the Apostles the power to celebrate this Sacrament; and hence only those who receive this power in a certain succession from the Apostles can consecrate this Sacrament. PENANCE Quartum sacramentum est poenitentia, cuius quasi materia sunt actus poenitentis, qui dicuntur tres poenitentiae partes. Quarum prima est cordis contritio, ad quam pertinet quod homo doleat de peccato commisso, et proponat se de cetero non peccaturum. Secunda pars est oris confessio, ad quam pertinet ut peccator omnia peccata, quorum memoriam habet, suo sacerdoti confiteatur integraliter, non dividens ea diversis sacerdotibus. Tertia pars est satisfactio pro peccatis secundum arbitrium sacerdotis, quae quidem praecipue fit per ieiunium et orationem et eleemosynam. The fourth Sacrament is Penance. The matter, [27] as it were, of this Sacrament is the acts of the penitent, which are called the three parts of Penance. The first part is a heart-felt contrition, by which one is sorry for the sins one has committed, and determines not to sin again. The second part is confession, which consists in this that the sinner confesses all the sins of which he is mindful to the priest; and all of them at one time to one priest, not dividing them to a number of priests. The third part is satisfaction, which is enjoined according to the judgment of the priest; and consists especially in fasting and prayer and almsgiving. Forma autem huius sacramenti sunt verba absolutionis quae sacerdos profert, cum dicit: ego te absolvo. Minister huius sacramenti est sacerdos habens auctoritatem absolvendi vel ordinariam, vel ex commissione superioris. Effectus huius sacramenti est absolutio a peccato. The form of this Sacrament is the words of absolution which the priest speaks when he says: "I absolve You" ("Ego te absolvo"). The minister of this Sacrament is the priest having authority to absolve, which is either ordinary or by commission of his superior. The effect of this Sacrament is absolution from sin. [28] Est autem contra hoc sacramentum error Novatianorum, qui dicunt hominem post Baptismum peccantem non posse per poenitentiam veniam consequi: contra quos dicitur Apoc. II, 5: memor esto unde excideris, et age poenitentiam, et prima opera fac. Concerning this Sacrament is the error of the Novati, who say that any one who has sinned after having been baptized cannot receive pardon through the Sacrament of Penance. Against this are the words: "Be mindful therefore from where you have fallen; and do penance, and do the first works." [29] EXTREME UNCTION Quintum sacramentum est extremae unctionis, cuius materia est oleum olivae per episcopum benedictum. Hoc autem sacramentum non debet dari nisi infirmis, quando timetur de periculo mortis, qui debent inungi in locis quinque sensuum, videlicet in oculis propter visum, in auribus propter auditum, in naribus propter odoratum, in ore propter gustum vel locutionem, in manibus propter tactum, in pedibus propter gressum. Quidam autem inungunt in renibus, ubi viget libido. Forma autem huius sacramenti est ista: per istam unctionem et suam piissimam misericordiam indulgeat tibi dominus quidquid deliquisti per visum; et similiter in aliis. Minister huius sacramenti est sacerdos. Effectus autem huius sacramenti est sanatio mentis et corporis. Contra hoc sacramentum est error Eraconitarum, qui feruntur suos morientes novo modo quasi redimere per oleum et balsamum et aquam, et invocationibus quas Hebraicis verbis dicunt super capita eorum: quod est contra formam a Iacobo traditam, ut supra dictum est. The fifth Sacrament is Extreme Unction. Its matter is olive oil blessed by the bishop. This Sacrament should only be received by those who are in danger of death through sickness. They are to be anointed in the places of the five senses: that is, on the eyes, because it is the organ of the sense of sight; on the ears, because of hearing; on the nostrils, because of smell; on the lips, because of taste or speech; and on the hands because of touch, and on the feet because of walking. [30] The form of this Sacrament is this: "Through this anointing and through His most divine mercy, may the Lord forgive You whatever thou hast committed through sight" (and so on for the other senses). The minister of this Sacrament is the priest. The effect of this Sacrament is a medicine for both mind and body. [31] Concerning this Sacrament is the error of the Elaeonitae, who are said to anoint their dying with oil and balsam and water and to accompany the anointing with invocations in Hebrew pronounced over the head of the sick. This is, however, contrary to the form handed down by St. James, as given above. HOLY ORDERS Sextum est sacramentum ordinis. Sunt autem septem ordines: scilicet presbyteratus, diaconatus, subdiaconatus, acolytatus, exorcistae, lectoris et ostiarii. Clericatus autem non est ordo, sed quaedam professio vitae dantium se divino ministerio. Episcopatus autem magis est dignitas quam ordo. Materia autem huius sacramenti est illud materiale, per cuius traditionem confertur ordo: sicut presbyteratus traditur per collationem calicis, et quilibet ordo traditur per collationem illius rei quae praecipue pertinet ad ministerium illius ordinis. Forma autem huius sacramenti est talis: accipe potestatem offerendi sacrificium in Ecclesia pro vivis et mortuis; et idem est dicendum in consimilibus ordinibus. Minister huius sacramenti est episcopus qui confert ordines. Effectus autem huius sacramenti est augmentum gratiae ad hoc quod aliquis sit idoneus minister Christi. The sixth Sacrament is Holy Orders. There are seven orders: priesthood, deaconate, subdeaconate, acolyte, exorcist, lector, and porter. Tonsure (clerk-ship, clericatus) is not an order, but a formal profession of giving one's life to the divine ministry. The episcopate is rather a dignity than an order. [32] The matter of this Sacrament is that matter which is handed over to the candidate at the conferring of the order. Thus, priesthood is conferred by the handing over of the chalice, and so each order is conferred by the handing over of that matter which in a special way pertains to the ministry of that particular order. The form of this Sacrament is this: "Receive the power to offer sacrifice in the Church for the living and the dead." And similarly power is conferred in the other orders. The minister of this Sacrament is the bishop who confers the orders. The effect of this Sacrament is an increase of grace for the performance of the duties of a worthy minister of Christ. Contra hoc sacramentum fuit error aerii, qui dicebat presbyterum ab episcopo non debere discerni. Concerning this Sacrament was the error of Arius (?), who taught that the priesthood could not be distinguished from the episcopate. MATRIMONY Septimum sacramentum est matrimonium, quod est signum coniunctionis Christi et Ecclesiae. Causa autem efficiens matrimonii est mutuus consensus per verba de praesenti expressus. Matrimony is the seventh Sacrament. It is a sign of the union between Christ and the Church. The efficient cause of Matrimony is the mutual consent expressed in words effective in the present by the parties. [33] Est autem triplex bonum matrimonii: quorum primum est proles suscipienda et educanda ad cultum Dei; secundum est fides quam unus coniugum alteri debet servare; tertium est sacramentum, idest indivisibilitas matrimonii, propter hoc quod significat indivisibilem coniunctionem Christi et Ecclesiae. Matrimony has a threefold good. The first is the birth of children and the educating of them to the worship of God. The second is that fidelity which one must render to the other; and the third is that it is a Sacrament, or, in other words, the indivisibility of Matrimony which shows forth the indivisible union of Christ and His Church. Est autem circa hoc sacramentum multiplex error. Primus quidem est Tatianorum, qui nuptias damnant: contra quos est quod dicitur I Corinth. VII, 28: si nupserit virgo, non peccavit. Secundus est error Ioviniani, qui nuptias aequavit virginitati, de quo supra dictum est. Tertius est error Nicolaitarum, qui indifferenter mutuis uxoribus utuntur. Fuerunt etiam multi alii haeretici turpia quaedam docentes et exercentes, contra id quod dicitur Hebr. ult., 4: sit honorabile connubium in omnibus, et torus immaculatus. Concerning Matrimony there are a number of errors. The first is that of Tatian, who condemned marriage, and against such it is written: "If thou take a wife, thou hast not sinned." [34] The second error is that of Jovinian, who made marriage equal to virginity. The third is that of the Nicolaitae, who mutually exchange their wives. There were also many other heretics who taught and worked impurities, and against which are the words of St. Paul: "Marriage honorable in all, and the bed undefiled." [35] SEVEN GIFTS OF ETERNAL GLORY Horum autem virtute sacramentorum homo perducitur ad futuram gloriam, quae consistet in septem dotibus: tribus animae, et quatuor corporis. Prima dos animae est visio Dei per essentiam, secundum illud I Ioan. III, 2: videbimus eum sicuti est. Secunda est comprehensio, qua scilicet Deum comprehendemus, quasi meritorum mercedem: I Cor. IX, 24: sic currite ut comprehendatis. Tertia est fruitio, qua in Deo delectabimur, secundum illud Iob. XXII, 26: tunc super omnipotentem deliciis afflues, et elevabis ad Deum faciem tuam. By the reception of these Sacraments, man is led to future eternal glory which consists in seven gifts, three of the soul and four of the body. The first gift given to the soul is the vision of God in His essence, according to the words: "We shall see Him as He is." [36] The second gift is comprehension, or that understanding of God as the reward of our merits: "So run that you may obtain." [37] The third is perfect enjoyment, wherein we shall have full happiness in God: "Then shall you abound in delights of the Almighty, and shall lift up your face to God." [38] Prima autem dos corporis est impassibilitas, secundum illud I Corinth. XV, 53: oportet corruptibile hoc induere incorruptionem. Secunda est claritas, secundum illud Matth. XIII, 43: fulgebunt iusti sicut sol in regno patris eorum. Tertia est agilitas, per quam celeriter adesse poterunt ubi volent. Sap. III, 7: tanquam scintillae in arundineto discurrent. Quarta est subtilitas, per quam poterunt quaecumque voluerint, penetrare, secundum illud I Corinth. XV, 44: seminatur corpus animale, surget corpus spirituale. Ad quam nos perducat qui vivit et regnat per omnia saecula saeculorum. Amen. The first gift which shall be enjoyed by the body is that of impassibility, [39] for "this corruptible must put on incorruption." [40] The second gift is brilliancy: "Then shall the just shine as the sun, in the kingdom of their Father." [41] The third is agility, through which they can instantly be present wheresoever they wish: "They shall run to and fro like sparks among the reeds." [42] The fourth is the gift of subtility, whereby they can penetrate wherever they desire: "It is sown a natural body, it shall rise a spiritual body." [43] To all of which may He lead us, who lives and reigns forever and ever! Amen.
ENDNOTES
10. "In Joan.," Tract. LXXX, 3.
14. The priest is the ordinary minister of Baptism. In case of necessity, however, anyone who observes the proper form and intention can baptize validly but not licitly; and an adult who permits himself to be baptized without necessity by a layman would be acting illicitly, but the baptism is valid. For such conduct places an "obex" (obstacle or hindrance) to the reception of grace. The grace of the Sacrament is revived ("reviviscitur") with at least contrition, and probably attrition, or simply by an act of perfect contrition.
18. "Amen" is omitted in the Roman Pontifical.
30. Anointing of the feet may now be omitted (Canon 947).
39. For another description of these gifts, see above, p. 61.