DE RATIONIBUS FIDEI
REASONS FOR THE FAITH
AGAINST MUSLIM OBJECTIONS
(and one objection of the Greeks and Armenians)
to the Cantor of Antiochby
Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P.translated by
Joseph Kenny, O.P.
Foreword
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: How to argue with unbelievers
Chapter 3: How generation applies to God
Chapter 4: How the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son
Chapter 5: The reason for the incarnation of the Son of God
Chapter 6: The meaning of "God became man"
Chapter 7: The meaning of "The Word of God suffered"
Chapter 8: The meaning of "The faithful receive the body of Christ"
Chapter 9: How there is a special place where souls are purified before receiving beatitude
Chapter 10: That divine predestination does not impose necessity on human acts
FOREWORD
This short tract, De rationibus fidei contra Saracenos, Graecos et Armenos ad Cantorem Antiochenum, was written by St. Thomas Aquinas (d. 1276) at Orvieto, Italy, in 1264. It follows right on the heels of his longer Summa contra gentiles, completed that same year. We do not know who the Cantor of Antioch was, except that he must have been in charge of music in the cathedral. Perhaps his bishop, the Dominican Christian Elias, referred him to Thomas Aquinas. The questions the Cantor asks must have been the subject of lively discussions in a city where Latin Christians mixed with Eastern Christians and Muslims.
The latter work, written at the request of St. Raymond of Peñafort to help Dominicans preaching to Muslims and Jews in Spain and North Africa, concentrated on how Christian doctrine could be presented to people who do not accept the authority of the Bible. It said little about Islam directly, since Thomas Aquinas admitted that he knew very little about it (Book I, ch. 2). He therefore concentrated on explaining the Catholic Faith.
The present work takes up Muslim objections never mentioned in the Contra gentiles. Thomas' answers use material already discussed in greater detail in that work. The originality of the present work is its concise brevity and its focus on the essential points where the Catholic Faith differs from and transcends Islam.
In this work Thomas shows a good grasp of what these differences are: first of all, the Trinity and how God shares his life with us in the Incarnation, then the crucifixion of Jesus and the whole question of human force and power in religion. The objection to the real presence of Jesus in the Eucharist is not a standard Muslim objection, but I have heard it. The final one, on determination, was much discussed in Muslim theology and philosophy; its theoretical and practical implications are greater than most Muslims or Christians realize, but it is very summarily treated here.
This work is from the Middle Ages and does not reflect all the nuances of current Catholic teaching regarding Islam. An instance of this is the use of the term "unbelievers" which Thomas uses of Muslims. The Church today calls them believers, although they do not believe in all that Christians believe.
In this translation, from the Marietti 1954 edition of the Opuscula theologica, I have given priority to clear plain English rather than literal fidelity. Yet I could not but retain some philosophical vocabulary, such as "substance", "accident", "hypostasis" and "predication".
Caput 7
Qualiter sit accipiendum quod dicitur: verbum Dei esse passum et mortuum et quod ex hoc nullum inconveniens sequiturChapter 7
The meaning of "The Word of God suffered"Ex consideratione igitur praemissorum satis apparere iam potest nihil inconveniens sequi ex hoc quod Deum unigenitum Dei verbum passum et mortuum confitemur. Non enim haec ei attribuimus secundum divinam naturam, sed secundum humanam, quam pro nostra salute in unitatem personae assumpsit. The foregoing shows that there is no contradiction in our professing that the only-begotten Word of God suffered and died. We do not attribute this to him according to his divine nature but according to his human nature, which he assumed into the unity of his person for our salvation. Si quis autem obiiciat quod Deus, cum sit omnipotens, alio modo poterat humanum genus salvare quam per unigeniti filii sui mortem, considerare debet qui hoc obiicit, quod in factis Dei considerandum est quid convenienter fieri potuit, etiam si alio modo id Deus facere potuisset, alioquin omnia eius opera similis ratio irritabit. Si enim consideretur quare Deus fecerit caelum tantae quantitatis, et quare condiderit in tali numero stellas, sapienter cogitanti occurret quod sic convenienter fieri potuit, licet Deus aliter facere potuisset. But if someone objects that, since God is almighty, he could have saved the human race otherwise than by the death of his only-begotten Son, such a person ought to observe that in God's deeds we must consider what was the most fitting way of acting, even if he could have acted otherwise; otherwise we will be faced with this question in everything he made. Thus if it is asked why God made the heaven of a certain size and why he made the stars in such a number, a wise thinker will look for what was fitting for God to do, even if he could have done otherwise. Dico autem hoc secundum quod credimus totam naturae dispositionem et humanos actus divinae providentiae esse subiectam. Hac enim credulitate sublata, omnis divinitatis cultus excluditur. Suscepimus autem praesentem disputationem ad eos qui se Dei cultores dicunt, sive sint Christiani, sive Saraceni, sive Iudaei. Ad eos autem qui omnia ex necessitate provenisse dicunt a Deo operosius a nobis alibi disputatum est. Si quis ergo convenientiam passionis et mortis Christi pia intentione consideret, tantam sapientiae profunditatem inveniet, ut semper aliqua cogitanti plura et maiora occurrant, ita quod experiri possit verum esse quod apostolus dicit: nos praedicamus Christum crucifixum, Iudaeis quidem scandalum, gentibus autem stultitiam; nobis autem Christum Dei virtutem et Dei sapientiam: et iterum: quod stultum est Dei, sapientius est hominibus. I say this supposing our belief that the whole disposition of nature and all human acts are subject to Divine Providence. Take this belief away and all worship of the Divinity is excluded. Yet we argue presently against those who say they are worshippers of God, whether Muslims or Christians or Jews. As for those who say that everything comes necessarily from God, we argued at length elsewhere [ Contra gentiles, II, c. 23]. Therefore if someone considers with a pious intention the fittingness of the suffering and death of Christ, he will find such a depth of knowledge that any time he thinks about it he will find more and greater things, so that he can experience as true what the Apostle says (1 Cor 1:23-24): "We are preaching a crucified Christ: to the Jews an obstacle they cannot get over, to the gentiles foolishness, but to those who have been called, whether they are Jews or Greeks, a Christ who is both the power of God and the wisdom of God." He continues (v. 25): "God's folly is wiser than human wisdom." Primo igitur considerandum occurrit, quod cum Christus humanam naturam assumpserit ad lapsum hominis reparandum, ut supra iam diximus, ea oportuit Christum pati et agere secundum humanam naturam, per quae remedium adhiberi posset contra lapsum peccati. Peccatum autem hominis consistit praecipue in hoc quod bonis corporalibus inhaerendo, spiritualia bona praetermittit. Hoc igitur decuit filium Dei in natura assumpta hominibus ostendere per ea quae fecit et passus est, ut homines temporalia bona vel mala pro nihilo ducerent, ne ab eorum inordinato affectu impediti, spiritualibus minus dediti essent. Unde Christus pauperes parentes elegit, et tamen virtute perfectos, ne quis de sola carnis nobilitate et parentum divitiis glorietur. Pauperem vitam gessit, ut divitias doceret contemnere. Privatus absque dignitate vixit, ut homines ab inordinato appetitu honorum revocaret. Laborem, famem, sitim et corporis flagella sustinuit, ne homines voluptatibus et deliciis intenti, propter asperitates huius vitae retraherentur a bono virtutis. Ad extremum sustinuit mortem, ne propter mortis timorem aliquis veritatem desereret. Et ne aliquis pro veritate vituperabilem mortem formidaret, exprobratissimum genus mortis elegit, scilicet mortis crucis. Sic ergo conveniens fuit filium Dei hominem factum mortem pati, ut sui exemplo homines provocaret ad virtutem, ut sic verum sit quod Petrus dicit: Christus passus est pro nobis, vobis relinquens exemplum ut sequamini vestigia eius. First of all, we must observe that Christ assumed a human nature to repair the fall of man, as we have said. Therefore, according to his human nature, Christ should have suffered and done whatever would serve as a remedy for sin. The sin of man consists in cleaving to bodily things and neglecting spiritual goods. Therefore the Son of God in his human nature fittingly showed by what he did and suffered that men should consider temporal goods or evils as nothing, lest a disordered love for them impede them from being dedicated to spiritual things. Thus Christ chose poor parents, although perfect in virtue, lest anyone glory in mere nobility of flesh and in the wealth of his parents. He led a poor life to teach us to despise riches. He lived without titles or office so as to withdraw men from a disordered desire for these things. He underwent labour, thirst, hunger and bodily afflictions so that men would not be fixed on pleasure and delights and be drawn away from the good of virtue because of the hardships of this life. In the end he underwent death, so that no one would desert the truth because of fear of death. And lest anyone fear a shameful death for the sake of the truth, he chose the most horrible kind of death, that of the cross. Thus it was fitting that the Son of God made man should suffer and by his example provoke men to virtue, so as to verify what Peter said (1 Pet 2:21): "Christ suffered for you, and left an example for you to follow in his steps." Deinde, quia hominibus ad salutem necessaria est non solum conversatio recta, per quam vitantur peccata, sed etiam cognitio veritatis, per quam vitantur errores; ad reparationem humani generis necessarium fuit ut unigenitum Dei verbum naturam humanam assumens, homines in certa veritatis cognitione firmaret. Veritati autem quae docetur per hominem non omnino firma credulitas adhibetur, quia homo et decipi et decipere potest: sed a solo Deo absque omni dubitatione veritatis cognitio confirmatur. Then, because not only good conduct and avoiding sins is necessary for salvation, but also the knowledge of truth so as to avoid error, it was necessary for the restoration of the human race that the only-begotten Word of God who assumed a human nature should ground people in truth by a sure knowledge of it. Truth taught by men is not so firmly believed, because man can deceive. Only by God can knowledge of the truth be confirmed without any doubt. Sic igitur oportuit filium Dei hominem factum doctrinam divinae veritatis proponere hominibus, ut ostenderet hanc divinitus, non humanitus esse: et hoc quidem ostendit miraculorum multitudine. Operanti enim ea quae solus Deus facere potest, puta mortuos suscitando, caecos illuminando et, cetera huiusmodi faciendo, credendum erat in his quae de Deo dicebat: qui enim per Deum operabatur, consequens erat ut etiam per Deum loqueretur. So the Son of God made man had to propose the teaching of divine truth to men, showing them that it came from God and not from man. He did this by many miracles. Since he did things that only God can do, such as raising the dead, giving sight to the blind etc., people had to believe that he spoke with God's authority. Sed miracula eius, praesentes qui aderant, videre potuerunt; a posteris autem potuissent credi conficta, sed contra hoc remedium adhibuit divina sapientia per Christi infirmitatem. Si enim vixisset in mundo dives, potens, et in aliqua magna dignitate constitutus, credi potuisset quod eius doctrina et miracula favore hominum et potestate humana fuissent recepta. Et ideo, ut manifestum fieret opus divinae virtutis, omnia abiecta et infirma in mundo elegit, pauperem matrem, vitam inopem, discipulos et nuntios idiotas, reprobari et condemnari etiam usque ad mortem a magnatibus mundi, ut manifeste appareret quod susceptio miraculorum, eius atque doctrinae non fuit humanae potentiae sed divinae. Unde et in eis quae fecit vel passus est, simul coniungebatur et humana infirmitas et divina potestas. In nativitate enim pannis involutus in praesepio ponitur; sed collaudatur ab Angelis, et a magis stella praeduce adoratur. Tentatur a Diabolo; sed ei ministratur ab Angelis. Vivit inops et mendicus; sed mortuos suscitat, illuminat caecos. Moritur affixus patibulo, annumeratur latronibus; sed in eius morte sol obscuratur, terra tremit, franguntur lapides, aperiuntur monumenta, et mortuorum corpora suscitantur. Those who were present could see his miracles, but later generations might say they were made up. Therefore Divine Wisdom provided a remedy against this in Christ's state of weakness. For if he were rich, powerful and established in high dignity, it could be thought that his teaching and his miracles were received on account of his favour and human power. So to make the work of divine power apparent, he chose everything that was rejected and low in the world, a poor mother and a poor life, illiterate disciples and messengers, and allowed himself to be rebuked and condemned even to death by the magnates of this world. This made it apparent that his miracles and teaching were not received because of human power, but should be attributed to divine power. Thus in what he did or suffered, human weakness and divine power were joined together at the same time. Thus at his nativity he was wrapped in cloth and put in a manger, but praised by the angels and adored by the Magi led by a star. He was tempted by the devil, but ministered to by angels. He lived without money as a beggar, but raised the dead and gave sight to the blind. He died fixed to the cross and numbered among thieves, but at his death the sun darkened, the earth trembled, stones split, graves opened and the bodies of the dead were raised. Si quis ergo ex talibus initiis tantum fructum videat consecutum, scilicet conversionem fere totius mundi ad Christum, et ulterius alia signa quaerat ad credendum; durior lapide censeri potest, cum in morte eius etiam petrae sint scissae. Hinc est quod apostolus, ad Corinthios dicit quod: verbum crucis pereuntibus stultitia est; sed his qui salvi fiunt, idest nobis, virtus Dei est. Therefore if anyone considers the great fruit of such beginnings, namely, the conversion of peoples over the world to Christ, (1) and wants further signs in order to believe, he must be considered harder than a stone, since at Christ's death even stones were shattered. Thus the Apostle says (1 Cor 1:18): "The message of the cross is folly for those who are on the way to ruin, but for those of us who are on the road to salvation it is the power of God." Est autem circa hoc, aliud considerandum, quod secundum eandem rationem providentiae, qua in seipso Dei filius homo factus, infirma pati voluit, etiam suos discipulos, quos humanae salutis ministros instituit, voluit esse in mundo abiectos. Unde non elegit litteratos et nobiles, sed illitteratos et ignobiles, pauperes scilicet piscatores, et eos mittens ad salutem hominum procurandam, iussit paupertatem servare, persecutiones et opprobria pati, et mortem etiam pro veritate subire, ne eorum praedicatio ad aliquid terrenum commodum composita videretur, et ut salus mundi non adscriberetur humanae sapientiae aut virtuti, sed solum divinae. Unde nec in eis defuit virtus divina mirabilia operans, qui tamen secundum mundum videbantur abiecti. Hoc autem erat necessarium reparationi humanae, ut homines discerent non de seipsis superbe confidere, sed de Deo. Hoc enim ad perfectionem humanae iustitiae requiritur ut homo totaliter se Deo subiiciat, a quo etiam omnia bona consequi speret adipiscenda, et adepta recognoscat. Ad bona igitur praesentia huius mundi contemnenda, et adversa quaelibet toleranda usque ad mortem, nullo modo melius eius discipuli potuerunt institui quam per passionem et mortem Christi: unde et ipse eis dicebat in Johanne: si me persecuti sunt, et vos persequentur. There is a related point we should make here. The same reason of Providence which led the Son of God made man to suffer weakness in himself, let him to desire his disciples, whom he established as ministers of human salvation, to be abject in the world. Thus he did not choose the well educated and noble, but illiterate and ignoble men, that is, poor fishermen. Sending them to work for the salvation of men, he commanded them to observe poverty, to suffer persecutions and insults, and even to undergo death for the truth; this was so that their preaching might not seem fabricated for the sake of earthly comfort, and that the salvation of the world might not be attributed to human wisdom or power, but only to God's wisdom and power. Thus they did not lack divine power to work miracles as they appeared abject according to the world. For the restoration of man it was necessary for men to learn not to trust proudly in themselves, but in God. For the perfection of human justice requires that man should subject himself totally to God, from whom he also hopes to gain every good, and should thank him for what he has received. In order to train his disciples to despise the present goods of this world and to sustain all sorts of adversity even to death, there was no better way than for Christ to suffer and die. Thus he himself told them (Jn 15:20): "If they persecuted me, they will persecute you too." Demum vero considerandum est, quod hoc habet ordo iustitiae ut pro peccato poena infligatur. Apparet enim in humanis iudiciis quod ea quae iniuste sunt facta, ad iustitiam reducuntur, dum iudex ab eo qui aliena accipiens, plus habet quam debeat, subtrahit quod plus habet, et dat ei qui minus habebat. Quicumque autem peccat, plus suae voluntati indulget quam debeat; ut enim suam voluntatem impleat, transgreditur ordinem rationis et legis divinae. Ad hoc igitur quod ad iustitiae ordinem reducatur, oportet quod voluntati subtrahatur de eo quod vult: quod fit dum punitur vel per subtractionem bonorum quae vellet habere, vel per illationem malorum quae pati recusat. Then we must observe that in the order of justice sin should be punished by a penalty. We see how cases of injustice are handled in human courts, that the judge takes from the one who has too much through grabbing what belongs to another and gives it to the one who has less. Anyone who sins over-indulges his appetite, and in satisfying it transgresses the order of reason and of divine law. For that person to be brought back to the order of justice something must be taken from what he wants; that is done by punishing him or by taking the goods he wanted to have or by imposing the bad things he refused to suffer. Haec igitur reintegratio iustitiae per poenam quandoque fit per voluntatem eius qui punitur, dum ipsemet sibi poenam assumit, ut ad iustitiam redeat; quandoque fit eo invito, et tunc quidem ipse ad iustitiam non reducitur, sed in eo impletur iustitia. This restoration of justice by penalty sometimes is done by the will of the one who is punished, when he imposes the penalty on himself so as to return to justice. Other times it is done against his will, and in that case he does not return to a state of justice, but justice is carried out in him. Erat autem totum humanum genus peccato subiectum. Ad hoc ergo quod ad statum iustitiae reduceretur, oportebat intervenire poenam quam homo sibiipsi assumeret ad implendum divinae iustitiae ordinem. Nullus autem homo purus tantus esse poterat qui sufficienter satisfacere posset Deo, poenam aliquam voluntarie assumendo, etiam pro peccato proprio, nedum pro peccato universorum. Cum enim homo peccat, legem Dei transgreditur, et sic quantum est in se, iniuriam Deo facit, qui est maiestatis infinitae. Tanto autem est maior iniuria, quanto maior est is in quem committitur: manifestum est enim quod maior reputatur iniuria, si quis percutiat militem, quam rusticum; et adhuc maior, si regem aut principem. Habet igitur peccatum contra legem Dei commissum quodammodo iniuriam infinitam. The whole human race was subject to sin. To be restored to the state of justice, there would have to be a penalty which man would take upon himself in order to fulfil the order of divine justice. But no mere man could satisfy God sufficiently by accepting some voluntary punishment, even for his own sin, to say nothing of the sin of the whole human race. For when man sins he transgresses the law of God and tries, were he able, to do injury to the God of infinite majesty. The greater the person offended, the greater the crime; we see, for instance, that someone who strikes a soldier is punished more than someone who strikes a farmer, and much more if he strikes a king or prince. Therefore a sin committed against the law of God is somehow an infinite offence. Sed rursus considerandum est, quod secundum dignitatem satisfacientis etiam satisfactio ponderatur. Nam unum verbum deprecatorium a rege prolatum pro satisfactione alicuius iniuriae, maior satisfactio reputaretur quam si aliquis alius vel genu flecteret, vel nudus incederet, vel quamcumque humiliationem ostenderet ad satisfaciendum iniuriam passo. Nullus autem purus homo erat infinitae dignitatis, cuius satisfactio posset esse condigna contra Dei iniuriam. Oportuit igitur ut esset aliquis homo infinitae dignitatis qui poenam subiret pro omnibus, et sic condigne satisfaceret pro totius mundi peccatis. Ad hoc igitur unigenitum Dei verbum, verus Deus et Dei filius naturam humanam assumpsit, et in ea mortem pati voluit, ut totum humanum genus a peccato satisfaciendo purgaret: unde et Petrus dicit: Christus semel pro peccatis nostris mortuus est, iustus pro iniustis ut nos offerret Deo. Again we must observe that the dignity of the person making reparation is also to be considered. For example, one word of a king asking for pardon of an offence is considered greater than if someone lower went on his knees and showed any other sign of humiliation to beg pardon from the one who suffered the injury. But no mere man has the infinite dignity required to satisfy justly an offence against God. Therefore there had to be a man of infinite dignity who would undergo the penalty for all so as to satisfy fully for the sins of the whole world. Therefore the only-begotten Word of God, true God and Son of God, assumed a human nature and willed to suffer death in it so as to purify the whole human race indebted by sin. Thus Peter says (1 Pet 3:18): "Christ himself died once and for all for sins, the upright for the sake of the guilty." Non ergo, sicut opinantur, conveniens fuit quod Deus sine satisfactione humana peccata purgaret, neque etiam quod hominem non permitteret cadere in peccatum. Primum enim repugnaret ordini iustitiae, secundum ordini naturae humanae, per quam homo est suae voluntatis liber, potens bonum vel malum eligere. Providentiae autem est ordinem rerum non destruere, sed salvare. In hoc ergo maxime sapientia Dei apparuit quod et ordinem servavit tam iustitiae quam naturae, et tamen misericorditer providit homini salutis remedium per filii sui incarnationem et mortem. Therefore it was not fitting, as Muslims think, for God to wipe away human sins without satisfaction, or even to have never permitted man to fall into sin. That would first be contrary to the order of justice, and secondly to the order of human nature, by which man has free will and can choose good or evil. God's Providence does not destroy the nature and order of things, but preserves them. So God's wisdom was most evident in his preserving the order of justice and of nature, and at the same time mercifully providing man a saving remedy in the incarnation and death of his Son.
1. Literally, "of nearly the whole world to Christ."